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Dos Santos Ré AC, Cury JA, Sassaki GL, Aires CP. Structure of rhamnoglucan, an unexpected alkali-stable polysaccharide extracted from Streptococcus mutans cell wall. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130121. [PMID: 38350588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This study identified a rhamnose-containing cell wall polysaccharide (RhaCWP) in an alkaline extract prepared to analyze intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) from Streptococcus mutans biofilm. IPS was an 1,4-α-D-glucan with branchpoints introduced by 1,6-α-glucan while RhaCWP presented 1,2-α-L-and 1,3-α-L rhamnose backbone and side chains connected by 1,2-α-D-glucans, as identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and methylation analyses. The MW of IPS and RhaCWP was 11,298 Da, as determined by diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. Therefore, this study analyzed the chemical structure of RhaCWP and IPS from biofilm in a single fraction prepared via a convenient hot-alkali extraction method. This method could be a feasible approach to obtain such molecules and improve the comprehension of the structure-function relationships in polymers from S. mutans in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Dos Santos Ré
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jaime Aparecido Cury
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, CP 52, 13414-903 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Lanzi Sassaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, CEP: 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Patrícia Aires
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Wan P, Liu H, Ding M, Zhang K, Shang Z, Wang Y, Ma Y. Physicochemical characterization, digestion profile and gut microbiota regulation activity of intracellular polysaccharides from Chlorella zofingiensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126881. [PMID: 37709223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that the polysaccharides from microalgae exhibit diverse biological activities, however, little is known about their digestibility and impact on human gut microbiota. In this study, a simulating digestion and fermentation system were established to investigate the digestibility and fermentation of intracellular polysaccharides from Chlorella zofingiensis (CZIP-S3). The results indicated that CZIP-S3 is a macromolecular polysaccharide composed of mannose, glucose, galactose and rhamnose, consisting of a main chain and two branched repeating units. CZIP-S3 could not be digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, CZIP-S3 could be metabolized into smaller molecules by the gut microbiota. The pH values continuously decrease during fermentation, whereas, the amount of short-chain fatty acids steadily increase. Furthermore, CZIP-S3 could modulate the composition of gut microbiota, via lowering the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia. The data suggested that CZIP-S3 could potentially be used as an ingredient for functional foods or prebiotics to improve human health by promoting the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wan
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China.
| | - Han Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mengyan Ding
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Kailu Zhang
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Zhen Shang
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Yuanli Wang
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473000, China
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Fan XZ, Yao F, Yin CM, Shi DF, Gao H. Mycelial biomass and intracellular polysaccharides production, characterization, and activities in Auricularia auricula-judae cultured with different carbon sources. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125426. [PMID: 37330093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The carbon source, an essential factor for submerged culture, affects fungal polysaccharides production, structures, and activities. This study investigated the impact of carbon sources, including glucose, fructose, sucrose, and mannose, on mycelial biomass and the production, structural characterization, and bioactivities of intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) produced by submerged culture of Auricularia auricula-judae. Results showed that mycelial biomass and IPS production varied with different carbon sources, where using glucose as the carbon source produced the highest mycelial biomass (17.22 ± 0.29 g/L) and IPS (1.62 ± 0.04 g/L). Additionally, carbon sources were found to affect the molecular weight (Mw) distributions, monosaccharide compositions, structural characterization, and activities of IPSs. IPS produced with glucose as the carbon source exhibited the best in vitro antioxidant activities and had the strongest protection against alloxan-damaged islet cells. Correlation analysis revealed that Mw correlated positively with mycelial biomass (r = 0.97) and IPS yield (r = 1.00), while IPS antioxidant activities correlated positively with Mw and negatively with mannose content; the protective activity of IPS was positively related to its reducing power. These findings indicate a critical structure-function relationship for IPS and lay the foundation for utilizing liquid-fermented A. aruicula-judae mycelia and the IPS in functional food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhi Fan
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi for Loess Plateau, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Fen Yao
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Chao-Min Yin
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - De-Fang Shi
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi for Loess Plateau, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing and Nuclear-Agricultural Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Under-forest Economy, Wuhan 430064, China.
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Lin X, Li W, Yuen H, Yuen M, Peng Q. Immunomodulatory effect of intracellular polysaccharide from mycelia of Agaricus bitorquis (QuéL.) Sacc. Chaidam by TLR4-mediated MyD88 dependent signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:79-89. [PMID: 33901556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Agaricus bitorquis (QuéL.) Sacc. Chaidam is a valuable edible fungus in Qinghai-Tibet plateau and ABSP is a novel intracellular polysaccharide from its mycelia. GC and NMR analysis determined ABSP is galactoglucomannan-like polysaccharide that may have immunomodulatory effect. This study used RAW264.7 as model cell to determine immunomodulatory effect of ABSP. After ABSP treatment, viability and phagocytic ability promoted, and NO, ROS, TNF-α levels also raised which proved ABSP had immune regulation to RAW264.7. WB and qRT-PCR determined the key proteins and genes expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF-6 and NF-κB significantly increased while protein and gene expression of TRAM had no significant increase. Also, TNF-α level extremely decreased by adding inhibitors of TLR4 and MyD88 which confirmed ABSP could immunologically regulate RAW264.7 byTLR4-MyD88 dependent pathway. This study would provide theoretical basis for further study on ABSP and be helpful for development of beneficial functionally foods and exploitation of this resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
| | - Wenxia Li
- Puredia Limited, No.12, Jing'er road (North), Biological Technology Park, Chengbei District, Xining, Qinghai, PR China.
| | - Hywel Yuen
- Puredia Limited, No.12, Jing'er road (North), Biological Technology Park, Chengbei District, Xining, Qinghai, PR China.
| | - Michael Yuen
- Puredia Limited, No.12, Jing'er road (North), Biological Technology Park, Chengbei District, Xining, Qinghai, PR China.
| | - Qiang Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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Li Q, Lei Y, Hu G, Lei Y, Dan D. Effects of Tween 80 on the liquid fermentation of Lentinus edodes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1103-1109. [PMID: 30263840 PMCID: PMC6085267 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explored the effects of Tween 80 on the biomass, intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) content, fermentation parameters, the pellets size of mycelium, and the antioxidant activity of IPS in Lentinus edodes liquid fermentation. With adding to Tween 80, the outputs of biomass and IPS increased during the L. edodes fermentation, respectively, while the reducing sugar content was decreased, as well as, the time courses of pH value were different. It was also shown that the addition of Tween 80 could protect the intact of pellets from breaking down. The effects of Tween 80 on the main structure of IPS were no obvious, and the IPS were revealed similar infrared spectrum, as was indicated by the infrared spectrum analysis. Improvements in the scavenging capacity of DPPH radicals of IPS were observed in Tween 80 treated group compared with the control group. Tween 80 exerts impacts on the liquid fermentation of L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuguo Lei
- Hubei Yuguo Gu Ye Co., Ltd., Suizhou, 441300 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzheng Lei
- Hubei Yuguo Gu Ye Co., Ltd., Suizhou, 441300 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Dan
- Hubei Yuguo Gu Ye Co., Ltd., Suizhou, 441300 Hubei People’s Republic of China
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Hu Y, Li M, Wang S, Yue S, Shi L, Ren A, Zhao M. Ganoderma lucidum phosphoglucomutase is required for hyphal growth, polysaccharide production, and cell wall integrity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1911-22. [PMID: 29349492 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglucomutase (pgm) is an important enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism that is located at the branching point between glycolysis and the Leloir pathway. pgm catalyzes the reversible conversion reaction between glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) and glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P). The glpgm gene was cloned in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant pgm protein from Ganoderma lucidum was purified in this study. The activity of native pgm was also detected to demonstrate that this predicted gene was functional in G. lucidum. Interestingly, silencing the glpgm gene in the fungus reduced hyphal growth. Moreover, glpgm silencing was associated with declining extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production (approximately 20-40% of that in the WT strain) and increasing intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) production (approximately 1.7-fold that in the WT strain). Additionally, in our research, cell wall components were also shown to differ according to the glpgmi strain. Compared with WT, chitin significantly increased by 1.5-fold; however, the content of β-1,3-glucan was observably reduced to 60-70% that of the WT. Further research showed that the cell wall component changes were associated with the transcription of related genes. These findings provide references for further study on the potential physiological function of pgm in G. lucidum.
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