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Infantino M, Palterer B, Benucci M, Grossi V, Pancani S, Manfredi M, Bizzaro N. Testing for isotypes does not help differentiating rheumatoid arthritis from other rheumatoid factor positive diseases. Immunol Res 2023; 71:883-886. [PMID: 37322352 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid factors (RFs) are useful for diagnosis and classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nephelometric and turbidimetric techniques, which detect total RF but do not reveal the antibody isotype, are common diagnostic methods in clinical routine. Given the recent development of isotype-specific immunoassays, the detection of IgG, IgM, and IgA RFs represents an interesting challenge. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether specific RF tests performed as a second step after traditional nephelometry could help differentiating RA from other RF-positive diseases. We tested 117 consecutive serum samples that were RF-positive at nephelometry (BNII nephelometric analyzer, Siemens) for IgA, IgG, and IgM RF isotypes by a fluoroimmunoenzymatic assay (FEIA) on the Phadia 250 instrument (ThermoFisher). Fifty-five subjects had RA and 62 presented non-RA diagnoses. Eighteen sera (15.4%) were positive only by nephelometry, two were positive only for IgA RF, and the remaining 97 sera were all positive for IgM RF isotype (with or without IgG and IgA RF). Positive findings did not correlate with RA or non-RA diagnosis. Spearman rho correlation coefficient between nephelometric total RF and IgM isotype was moderate (0.657), and weak between total RF and IgA (0.396) and IgG (0.360) isotypes. Despite its low specificity, measurement of total RF by nephelometry still seems to be the method that performs best. As IgM, IgA, and IgG RF isotypes showed only a moderate correlation with total RF measurement, their diagnostic use as a second level test remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Infantino
- Laboratorio di Immunologia e Allergologia, Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio, Via Torregalli, 3, 50143, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Boaz Palterer
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Grossi
- Laboratorio di Immunologia e Allergologia, Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio, Via Torregalli, 3, 50143, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Mariangela Manfredi
- Laboratorio di Immunologia e Allergologia, Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio, Via Torregalli, 3, 50143, Firenze, Italy
| | - Nicola Bizzaro
- Laboratorio di Patologia Clinica, Ospedale San Antonio, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, Udine, Italy
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Zeng Y, Xiao Y, Zeng F, Jiang L, Yan S, Wang X, Lin Q, Yu L, Lu X, Zhang Y, Lin Y. Assessment of anti-nucleosome antibody (ANuA) isotypes for the diagnosis and prediction of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis activity. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1677-1689. [PMID: 36385418 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our study aims to investigate the serum levels of anti-nucleosome antibody (ANuA) isotypes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and clarify ANuA isotypes that may diagnose and predict SLE. We detected anti-nucleosome antibodies (ANuA) in the serum from 120 patients with SLE, 99 patients suffering from other autoimmune diseases (OAD), and 50 healthy controls by performing IgG-, IgA-, and IgM-specific ELISAs. The serum levels of total anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA IgG), ANuA IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4), anti-dsDNA antibodies, and the avidities of ANA IgG were also analysed using ELISAs. The levels of three ANuA isotypes (IgG, IgA, and IgM) were significantly higher in patients with SLE than in patients with OAD and healthy controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentrations of ANuA isotypes increased in the active SLE and lupus nephritis (LN) groups and in patients with SLE presenting high-avidity IgG ANA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ANuA isotype levels decreased significantly with drug therapy, while anti-dsDNA IgG levels decreased with the same trend. Additionally, ANuA isotypes were positively related to the SLEDAI (SLE Disease Activity Index) score, RAI (relative avidity index) of high-avidity IgG ANAs, and serum anti-dsDNA IgG levels. Last, the sensitivity and specificity values for SLE were 83.33 and 96.67% for ANuA IgG, 85.83 and 93.33% for ANuA IgA, and83.33 and 86.67% for ANuA IgM, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity values for LN were 61.67 and 96.67% for ANuA IgG, 49.17 and 96.67% for ANuA IgA, and 52.50 and 96.67% for ANuA IgM, respectively. In conclusion, we evaluated whether ANuA isotypes represent a diagnostic tool to predict SLE activity and define subsets of patients with LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zeng
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China.
| | - Yun Xiao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Fanxiang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Longcan Jiang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Shuidi Yan
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Qiaoduan Lin
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Xinxin Lu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
| | - Yiqiang Lin
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China.
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Lara S, Heilig J, Virtanen A, Kleinau S. Exploring complement-dependent cytotoxicity by rituximab isotypes in 2D and 3D-cultured B-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:678. [PMID: 35725455 PMCID: PMC9210731 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic IgG1 anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab (RTX), has greatly improved prognosis of many B-cell malignancies. Despite its success, resistance has been reported and detailed knowledge of RTX mechanisms are lacking. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is one important mode of action of RTX. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate factors influencing complement-mediated tumor cell killing by RTX. Methods Different RTX isotypes, IgG1, IgG3, IgA1 and IgA2 were evaluated and administered on four human CD20+ B-cell lymphoma cell lines, displaying diverse expression of CD20 and complement-regulatory protein CD59. Complement activation was assessed on lymphoma cells grown in 2 and 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems by trypan blue exclusion. CDC in 3D spheroids was additionally analyzed by Annexin V and propidium iodide staining by flow cytometry, and confocal imaging. Anti-CD59 antibody was used to evaluate influence of CD59 in RTX-mediated CDC responses. Statistical differences were determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. Results We found that 3 out of 4 lymphomas were sensitive to RTX-mediated CDC when cultured in 2D, while 2 out of 4 when grown in 3D. RTX-IgG3 had the greatest CDC potential, followed by clinical standard RTX-IgG1 and RTX-IgA2, whereas RTX-IgA1 displayed no complement activation. Although the pattern of different RTX isotypes to induce CDC were similar in the sensitive lymphomas, the degree of cell killing differed. A greater CDC activity was seen in lymphoma cells with a higher CD20/CD59 expression ratio. These lymphomas were also sensitive to RTX when grown in 3D spheroids, although the CDC activity was substantially reduced compared to 2D cultures. Analysis of RTX-treated spheroids demonstrated apoptosis and necrosis essentially in the outer cell-layers. Neutralization of CD59 overcame resistance to RTX-mediated CDC in 2D-cultured lymphoma cells, but not in spheroids. Conclusions The results demonstrate that CDC outcome in CD20+ B-cell lymphoma is synergistically influenced by choice of RTX isotype, antigen density, tumor structure, and degree of CD59 expression. Assessment of tumor signatures, such as CD20/CD59 ratio, can be advantageous to predict CDC efficiency of RTX in vivo and may help to develop rational mAbs to raise response rates in patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09772-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juliane Heilig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Virtanen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Kleinau
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Yoshinaga K, Oshio H, Prasetio B, Hayashida H, Maeda E, Matsumoto M. Four immunoglobulin isotypes and IgD splice variants in urodele amphibians. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 116:103963. [PMID: 33301796 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, different families of urodele amphibians were thought to express distinct subsets of immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. In this study, we explored cDNAs encoding Ig heavy-chains (H-chains) in three species of urodele amphibians. We found that Cynops pyrrhogaster, Pleurodeles waltl, and Ambystoma mexicanum each carry genes encoding four Ig H-chain isotypes, including IgM, IgY, IgD, and IgX, similar to those found in anuran amphibians. We also found that urodele IgDs have a long constant region similar to those found in anuran, reptiles, and bony fishes. We also found several putative IgD splice variants. Our findings indicated that P. waltl IgP is not a novel isotype but an IgD splice variant. Altogether, our findings indicate that IgD splice variants may be universally expressed among amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshinaga
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Oshio
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan
| | - Billy Prasetio
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Hayashida
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan
| | - Eriko Maeda
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan
| | - Mizuki Matsumoto
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College, Hirayama Shin-Machi 2627, Yatsushiro, Kumamoto, 866-8501, Japan
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Baroncelli S, Galluzzo CM, Liotta G, Andreotti M, Orlando S, Ciccacci F, Jere H, Luhanga R, Sagno JB, Amici R, Marazzi MC, Giuliano M. Dynamics of immunoglobulin G subclasses during the first two years of life in Malawian infants born to HIV-positive mothers. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:181. [PMID: 32326903 PMCID: PMC7178742 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal antibodies are key components of the protective responses of infants who are unable to produce their own IgG until 6 months of life. There is evidence that HIV-exposed uninfected children (HEU) have IgG levels abnormalities, that can be partially responsible for the higher vulnerability to infections in the first 2 years of the life of this population. This retrospective study aimed to characterize the dynamics in plasma levels of total IgG and their isotypes during the first 2 years of life in HEU infants exclusively breastfed through 6 months of age. Methods Total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 isotypes, and IgM and IgA plasma concentrations were determined by nephelometric methods in 30 Malawian infants born to HIV-positive women at month 1, 6 and 24 of life. Results At 1-month infants had a median concentration of total IgG of 8.48 g/l, (IQR 7.57–9.15), with an overrepresentation of the IgG1 isotype (89.0% of total) and low levels of IgG2 (0.52 g/l, IQR, 0.46–0.65). Total IgG and IgG1 concentrations were lower at 6 months (− 2.1 and − 1.12 g/dl, respectively) reflecting disappearance of maternal antibodies, but at 24 months their levels were higher with respect to the reported reference values for age-matched pairs. Abnormal isotype distribution was still present at 24 months with IgG2 remaining strongly underrepresented (0.87 g/l, 7.5% of total IgG). Conclusion HIV exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding seems to influence the IgG maturation and isotype distribution that persist in 2-year old infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baroncelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Clementina Maria Galluzzo
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liotta
- Department of Biomedicine and Preventio, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Andreotti
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Orlando
- Department of Biomedicine and Preventio, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fausto Ciccacci
- Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Haswell Jere
- DREAM Program, Community of S. Egidio, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - Roberta Amici
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marina Giuliano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Hermosillo-Villafranca JA, Guillén-Lozoya AH, Vega-Morales D, Pérez-Onofre I, Gracia-Aréchiga TS, Garza-Elizondo MA, Garza-Alpirez A, Rodriguez-Rodriguez DR. Role of rheumatoid factor isotypes and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies in the differential diagnosis of non-selected patients with inflammatory arthralgia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 17:12-15. [PMID: 31399351 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by swelling, tenderness and destruction of synovial joints, leading to severe disability and premature mortality. The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the 3 isotypes of rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) and the combination of both, for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in non-selected patients with inflammatory arthralgia. METHODS We include 129 patients with inflammatory Arthalgia from a third level reference Center of rheumatic diseases in Monterrey, México. Their samples were analyzed for RF isotypes (IgA, IgG, and IgM) by ELISA (EUROINMUN), using a cut-off of 20IU/ml, and for ACPA's 5IU/ml; a medical examination was performed to obtain the definitive diagnoses of the patients. Data analysis was carried out using ROC curves for the measurement of sensitivity, specificity, for diagnostic accuracy to verify if the use of 3 RF isotypes and ACPA had a better prediction for the diagnosis of RA than use only one isotype and the ACPA alone. RESULTS The ROC showed a sensitivity and specificity of the different antibodies with different cut-off points, being the best for the IgM with 0.802 followed by ACPA, IgA and IgG with 0.771, 0.63, and 0.728 respectively without statistical difference, the sensitivity and specificity of the combination of the 4 antibodies were 81.4 and 73.66%. CONCLUSION In non-selected patients with inflammatory arthralgia, the combination of ACPA and isotypes of RF did not demonstrate more sensibility and specificity than IgM isoform of rheumatoid factor measurement only. We recommend that in the clinical scenario of arthralgia, where the diagnoses are Lupus, Sjogren syndrome and Osteoarthritis, RF IgM isoform is used followed by ACPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Armando Hermosillo-Villafranca
- Servicio de Reumatología e Inmunología Clínica, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Andrés Heriberto Guillén-Lozoya
- Servicio de Reumatología e Inmunología Clínica, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - David Vega-Morales
- Servicio de Reumatología e Inmunología Clínica, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
| | - Itzel Pérez-Onofre
- Servicio de Reumatología e Inmunología Clínica, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Tayde Sarahi Gracia-Aréchiga
- Servicio de Reumatología e Inmunología Clínica, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Mario Alberto Garza-Elizondo
- Servicio de Reumatología e Inmunología Clínica, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Garza-Alpirez
- Servicio de Reumatología e Inmunología Clínica, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
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Shruthi S, Mohan V, Maradana MR, Aravindhan V. In silico identification and wet lab validation of novel cryptic B cell epitopes in ZnT8 zinc transporter autoantigen. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:657-664. [PMID: 30710592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) is a novel immunodominant autoantigen, associated with Type-1 diabetes. A non-synonymous polymorphism (R325W) in its gene is associated with Type-2 diabetes. In this study, we performed an in silico B cell epitope prediction followed by wetlab validation of ZnT8. Apart from the previously characterized polymorphic epitope (BE-5 TAASR*DS), two novel epitopes BE-2 (N-terminus) and BE-6 (C-terminus) were identified. Wet lab validation of these epitopes was carried out by measuring ZnT8 specific isotypes (IgG, IgM and IgA) in the sera of Normal Glucose Tolerant (NGT), Type-1 diabetic (T1DM) and Type-2 diabetic (T2DM) patients by indirect ELISA. Unexpectedly, compared to NGT, significantly decreased levels of IgG and IgA isotypes was seen in T1DM subjects without complications. IgM levels were reduced in T1DM subjects with retinopathy. Newly diagnosed T1DM subjects initiated on insulin therapy showed an increase in IgA and decrease in IgM titre. Like T1DM, significantly reduced level of IgG, IgM and IgA was seen in T2DM subjects. For the first time, we have identified novel cryptic B cell epitopes in ZnT8 autoantigen against which the naturally occurring autoantibody levels were found to be reduced in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugumar Shruthi
- Dept of Genetics, Dr ALM PG IBMS, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre for Education, Chennai, India
| | - Muralidhara Rao Maradana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre for Education, Chennai, India; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
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Espinosa-de Aquino W, Bailey M, Acevedo-Whitehouse K. Changes in mucosal and serum immunoglobulin levels of California sea lions during early development. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 77:166-173. [PMID: 28811240 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To date, most studies on pinniped immunoglobulins have focused on circulating antibodies. However, systemic and local immune activities differ in terms of maturation, intensity, and types of effectors that participate. Here, we examined levels of three immunoglobulin isotypes, IgG, IgM and IgA, in the blood and mucosal membranes of free-living California sea lion pups. We investigated whether age, body condition and sex influenced their concentration. Isotype levels varied among tissues, with age-related patterns that could be indicative of differential regulation along development. Serum IgG and IgA increased linearly with age, reaching adult levels at five months of age, while IgM remained unchanged. Mucosal isotypes tended to be low in newborns and remained so until five months of age. Regardless of age, pups with better condition tended to have higher anal IgG levels and higher genital IgA levels, suggesting that their synthesis and transport to the mucosal membranes is costly. Intersex differences were only observed in the genital mucosa, where all isotypes differed between male and female pups, regardless of age, presumably due to histological and anatomical differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Espinosa-de Aquino
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, 76230 Mexico
| | - M Bailey
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - K Acevedo-Whitehouse
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, 76230 Mexico; The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965, United States.
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