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Al-Mustapha A, Abubakar AT, Oyewo M, Bamidele FO, Ibrahim A, Shuaib MO, Olugasa B, Balogun MS, Kia G, Mazeri S, Heikinheimo A. Baseline epidemiology and associated dog ecology study towards stepwise elimination of rabies in Kwara state, Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105295. [PMID: 33611031 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding domestic dog population dynamics and ecology is crucial to any effective rabies control program. This study was conducted as part of the baseline epidemiological studies necessary for the establishment of the Kwara Rabies Rapid Alert System "KRRAS". This study aimed to determine the dog population structure of Kwara State by assessing the dog ownership, vaccination status, and prevalence of dog bites. A total of 1460 questionnaires were administered to respondents in the three senatorial zones of the state using Open Data Kit (ODK) between June 2019 to January 2020. Of the 1460 households surveyed, 293 (20.1 %) owned at least one dog with an average of 2.25 dogs per household. The male to female ratio was 1.9:1 and 79.3 % (n = 523/659) of the owned dogs were local breeds. A total of 785 dogs was enumerated (659 dogs from 293 households and 126 free-roaming dogs) and 7811 persons which resulted in a dog-human ratio of 1:9.95. The estimated dog population is 376,789 (95 % CI: 343,700 - 379,878). Only 31 % (n = 204/659) of households vaccinated their dogs against rabies. The prevalence of dog-bite was 13 % (n = 193/1460) of which only 27 % of the victims (n = 61/225) received post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Dog ownership was significantly impacted by the ethnicity of respondents. Hausa (OR: 3.76; 95 % CI: 1.15-12.4; p < 0.001) and Nupe (OR: 4.48; 95 % CI: 1.77-11.33; p < 0.001) respondents owned dogs than Yoruba respondents. The rabies vaccination status of owned dogs was significantly impacted by the level of education (OR: 5.03; 95 % CI: 1.50-16.83; p < 0.001); history of previous dog bite incidents (OR: 1.74; 95 % CI: 0.95-3.17; p < 0.001); the breed of the dog with exotic dogs being more vaccinated (OR: 2.79: 95 % 0.64-12.05; p < 0.001). Similarly, Male dogs (OR: 1.49, 95 % 1.03-2.86; p < 0.001) and partially confined dogs (OR: 1.09, 95 % 0.45-2.11, p < 0.001) were found to be vaccinated against rabies. The results of the study showed low dog vaccination coverage, and high number of free roaming dogs. Hence, a threat to public health. The low dog vaccination coverage is below the 70-80 % target recommended for herd immunity by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Mustapha
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Ahmed Tijani Abubakar
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria; Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Muftau Oyewo
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria; Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Folashade O Bamidele
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria; Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Osu Shuaib
- Federal Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Babasola Olugasa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Grace Kia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; War Against Rabies Foundation, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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