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Bueno J, Murugesan V, Karatsu K, Thoen DJ, Baselmans JJA. Ultrasensitive Kilo-Pixel Imaging Array of Photon Noise-Limited Kinetic Inductance Detectors Over an Octave of Bandwidth for THz Astronomy. J Low Temp Phys 2018; 193:96-102. [PMID: 30839749 PMCID: PMC6190645 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-018-1962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of a background-limited kilo-pixel imaging array of ultrawide bandwidth kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) suitable for space-based THz astronomy applications. The array consists of 989 KIDs, in which the radiation is coupled to each KID via a leaky lens antenna, covering the frequency range between 1.4 and 2.8 THz. The single pixel performance is fully characterised using a representative small array in terms of sensitivity, optical efficiency, beam pattern and frequency response, matching very well its expected performance. The kilo-pixel array is characterised electrically, finding a yield larger than 90% and an averaged noise-equivalent power lower than 3 × 10 - 19 W/Hz 1 / 2 . The interaction between the kilo-pixel array and cosmic rays is studied, with an expected dead time lower than 0.6% when operated in an L2 or a similar far-Earth orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Bueno
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - V. Murugesan
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K. Karatsu
- Terahertz Sensing Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - D. J. Thoen
- Terahertz Sensing Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J. J. A Baselmans
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Terahertz Sensing Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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Hähnle S, Bueno J, Huiting R, Yates SJC, Baselmans JJA. Large Angle Optical Access in a Sub-Kelvin Cryostat. J Low Temp Phys 2018; 193:833-840. [PMID: 30930476 PMCID: PMC6404799 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-018-1940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of lens-antenna-coupled aluminum-based microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) and on-chip spectrometers needs a dedicated cryogenic setup to measure the beam patterns of the lens-antenna system over a large angular throughput and broad frequency range. This requires a careful design since the MKID has to be cooled to temperatures below 300 mK to operate effectively. We developed such a cryostat with a large opening angle θ = ± 37 . 8 ∘ and an optical access with a low-pass edge at 950 GHz . The system is based upon a commercial pulse tube cooled 3 K system with a 4 He - 3 He sorption cooler to allow base temperatures below 300 mK . A careful study of the spectral and geometric throughput was performed to minimize thermal loading on the cold stage, allowing a base temperature of 265 mK . Radio-transparent multi-layer-insulation was employed as a recent development in filter technology to efficiently block near-infrared radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hähnle
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. Bueno
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R. Huiting
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - S. J. C. Yates
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. J. A. Baselmans
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands
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Yamada Y, Ishino H, Kibayashi A, Kida Y, Hidehira N, Komatsu K, Hazumi M, Sato N, Sakai K, Yamamori H, Hirayama F, Kohjiro S. Frequency-Domain Multiplexing Readout with a Self-Trigger System for Pulse Signals from Kinetic Inductance Detectors. J Low Temp Phys 2018; 193:518-524. [PMID: 30839748 PMCID: PMC6190614 DOI: 10.1007/s10909-018-1911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of a frequency-domain multiplexing readout of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) for pulse signals with a self-trigger system. The KIDs consist of an array of superconducting resonators that have different resonant frequencies individually, allowing us to read out multiple channels in the frequency domain with a single wire using a microwave-frequency comb. The energy deposited to the resonators break Cooper pairs, changing the kinetic inductance and, hence, the amplitude and the phase of the probing microwaves. For some applications such as X-ray detections, the deposited energy is detected as a pulse signal shaped by the time constants of the quasiparticle lifetime, the resonator quality factor, and the ballistic phonon lifetime in the substrate, ranging from microseconds to milliseconds. A readout system commonly used converts the frequency-domain data to the time-domain data. For the short pulse signals, the data rate may exceed the data transfer bandwidth, as the short time constant pulses require us to have a high sampling rate. In order to overcome this circumstance, we have developed a KID readout system that contains a self-trigger system to extract relevant signal data and reduces the total data rate with a commercial off-the-shelf FPGA board. We have demonstrated that the system can read out pulse signals of 15 resonators simultaneously with about 10 Hz event rate by irradiating α particles from 241 Am to the silicon substrate on whose surface aluminum KID resonators are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yamada
- Department of Physics, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama Japan
| | - H. Ishino
- Department of Physics, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama Japan
| | - A. Kibayashi
- Department of Physics, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama Japan
| | - Y. Kida
- Department of Physics, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama Japan
| | - N. Hidehira
- Department of Physics, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama Japan
| | - K. Komatsu
- Department of Physics, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama Japan
| | - M. Hazumi
- KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - N. Sato
- KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - K. Sakai
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
- CRESST II - University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 21250 USA
| | - H. Yamamori
- AIST, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560 Japan
| | - F. Hirayama
- AIST, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560 Japan
| | - S. Kohjiro
- AIST, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8560 Japan
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