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Zhao XX, Wang XT, Guo JZ, Gu ZY, Cao JM, Yang JL, Lu FQ, Zhang JP, Wu XL. Dynamic Li + Capture through Ligand-Chain Interaction for the Regeneration of Depleted LiFePO 4 Cathode. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2308927. [PMID: 38174582 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
After application in electric vehicles, spent LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries are typically decommissioned. Traditional recycling methods face economic and environmental constraints. Therefore, direct regeneration has emerged as a promising alternative. However, irreversible phase changes can significantly hinder the efficiency of the regeneration process owing to structural degradation. Moreover, improper storage and treatment practices can lead to metamorphism, further complicating the regeneration process. In this study, a sustainable recovery method is proposed for the electrochemical repair of LFP batteries. A ligand-chain Zn-complex (ZnDEA) is utilized as a structural regulator, with its ─NH─ group alternatingly facilitating the binding of preferential transition metal ions (Fe3+ during charging and Zn2+ during discharging). This dynamic coordination ability helps to modulate volume changes within the recovered LFP framework. Consequently, the recovered LFP framework can store more Li-ions, enhance phase transition reversibility between LFP and FePO4 (FP), modify the initial Coulombic efficiency, and reduce polarization voltage differences. The recovered LFP cells exhibit excellent capacity retention of 96.30% after 1500 cycles at 2 C. The ligand chain repair mechanism promotes structural evolution to facilitate ion migration, providing valuable insights into the targeted ion compensation for environmentally friendly recycling in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Zhao
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Zhi Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yi Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ming Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Lin Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Qi Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Long Wu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
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Huang S, Huang X, Huang Y, He X, Zhuo H, Chen S. Rational Design of Effective Binders for LiFePO 4 Cathodes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3146. [PMID: 34578047 PMCID: PMC8473138 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer binders are critical auxiliary additives to Li-ion batteries that provide adhesion and cohesion for electrodes to maintain conductive networks upon charge/discharge processes. Therefore, polymer binders become interconnected electrode structures affecting electrochemical performances, especially in LiFePO4 cathodes with one-dimensional Li+ channels. In this paper, recent improvements in the polymer binders used in the LiFePO4 cathodes of Li-ion batteries are reviewed in terms of structural design, synthetic methods, and working mechanisms. The polymer binders were classified into three types depending on their effects on the performances of LiFePO4 cathodes. The first consisted of PVDF and related composites, and the second relied on waterborne and conductive binders. Profound insights into the ability of binder structures to enhance cathode performance were discovered. Overcoming the bottleneck shortage originating from olivine structure LiFePO4 using efficient polymer structures is discussed. We forecast design principles for the polymer binders used in the high-performance LiFePO4 cathodes of Li-ion batteries. Finally, perspectives on the application of future binder designs for electrodes with poor conductivity are presented to provide possible design directions for chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Youyuan Huang
- Shenzhen BTR New Material Group Co., Ltd., High-Tech Industrial Park, Xitian, Gongming Town, Guangming New District, Shenzhen 518106, China; (Y.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Xueqin He
- Shenzhen BTR New Material Group Co., Ltd., High-Tech Industrial Park, Xitian, Gongming Town, Guangming New District, Shenzhen 518106, China; (Y.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Haitao Zhuo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Shaojun Chen
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
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Wang J, Yan X, Zhang Z, Guo R, Ying H, Han G, Han WQ. Rational Design of an Electron/Ion Dual-Conductive Cathode Framework for High-Performance All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:41323-41332. [PMID: 32830944 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) have been paid increasing attention because of the better security compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries with flammable organic electrolytes. However, the poor ion transport between the cathode materials greatly hinders the capacity performance of ASSLBs. Herein, an electron/ion dual-conductive electrode framework is proposed for superior performance ASSLBs. Highly electronic conductive reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes interconnect with active materials in the cathodes, constructing a three-dimensional continuous electron transport network. The composite electrolyte penetrates into the porous structure of the electrode, forming a consecutive ionic conductive framework. Furthermore, the thin electrolyte film formed on the surface of the cathode effectively lowers the interfacial resistance with the electrolyte membrane. Highly electron/ion conductive electrodes, combined with the polyethylene oxide-Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (PEO-LLZTO) composite electrolyte, show excellent capacity performance for both LiFePO4 and sulfur (lithium-sulfur battery) active materials. In addition, the LiFePO4 cathode demonstrates superior capacity performance and rate capability at room temperature. Furthermore, the relationship between the low Coulombic efficiency and Li dendrite growth has been revealed in this work. An effective layer is formed on the surface of Li metal by the simple modification of cupric fluoride (CuF2), which can stabilize the electrolyte/anode interface. Finally, high-performance ASSLBs with high Coulombic efficiency can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xufeng Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Rongnan Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hangjun Ying
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Gaorong Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Qiang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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Yu J, Dang Y, Bai M, Peng J, Zheng D, Zhao J, Li L, Fang Z. Graphene-Modified 3D Copper Foam Current Collector for Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition. Front Chem 2019; 7:748. [PMID: 31828058 PMCID: PMC6890847 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal is regarded as the ideal anode for rechargeable Li-metal batteries such as Li-S and Li-air batteries. A series of problems caused by Li dendrites, such as low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and a short circuit, have limited the application of Li-metal batteries. In this study, a graphene-modified three-dimensional (3D) Copper (Cu) current collector is addressed to enable dendrite-free Li deposition. After Cu foam is immersed into graphene oxide (GO) suspension, a spontaneous reduction of GO, induced by Cu, generates reduced graphene oxide on a 3D Cu (rGO@Cu) substrate. The rGO@Cu foam not only provides large surface area to accommodate Li deposition for lowering the local effective current density, but also forms a rGO protective layer to effectively control the growth of Li dendrites. As current collector, the rGO@Cu foam shows superior properties than commercial Cu foam and planar Cu foil in terms of cycling stability and CE. The rGO@Cu foam delivers a CE as high as 98.5% for over 350 cycles at the current density of 1 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the full cell using LiFePO4 as cathode and Li metal as anode with rGO@Cu foam as current collector (LiFePO4/rGO@Cu-Li) is assembled to prove the admirable capacities and indicates commercialization of Li-metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yu
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Province Metallurgical Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Xi'an, China
| | - Yangyang Dang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Maohui Bai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaxin Peng
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongdong Zheng
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Junkai Zhao
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Province Metallurgical Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Xi'an, China
| | - Linbo Li
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Province Metallurgical Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao Fang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Province Metallurgical Engineering and Technology Research Centre, Xi'an, China
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Zhang K, Lee JT, Li P, Kang B, Kim JH, Yi GR, Park JH. Conformal Coating Strategy Comprising N-doped Carbon and Conventional Graphene for Achieving Ultrahigh Power and Cyclability of LiFePO4. Nano Lett 2015; 15:6756-63. [PMID: 26389552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface carbon coating to improve the inherent poor electrical conductivity of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) has been considered as most efficient strategy. Here, we also report one of the conventional methods for LFP but exhibiting a specific capacity beyond the theoretical value, ultrahigh rate performance, and excellent long-term cyclability: the specific capacity is 171.9 mAh/g (70 μm-thick electrode with ∼10 mg/cm(2) loading mass) at 0.1 C (17 mA/g) and retains 143.7 mAh/g at 10 C (1.7 A/g) and 95.8% of initial capacity at 10 C after 1000 cycles. It was found that the interior conformal N-C coating enhances the intrinsic conductivity of LFP nanorods (LFP NR) and the exterior reduced graphene oxide coating acts as an electrically conducting secondary network to electrically connect the entire electrode. The great electron transport mutually promoted with shorten Li diffusion length on (010) facet exposed LFP NR represents the highest specific capacity value recorded to date at 10 C and ultralong-term cyclability. This conformal carbon coating approach can be a promising strategy for the commercialization of LFP cathode in lithium ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Taik Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ping Li
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungwoo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eng 1-123, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ra Yi
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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