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Ruiz H, de Arcaute MR, Benito AÁ, Villanueva-Saz S, Jiménez JC, Lacasta D. Long-lasting infection with Anaplasma ovis in sheep. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:521-525. [PMID: 37528260 PMCID: PMC10810980 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Ovine anaplasmosis is an emerging vector-borne disease in Europe caused by Anaplasma ovis. The infection has spread quickly in recent years, causing moderate to severe outbreaks in sheep flocks, leading to relevant economic losses in sheep farming. This wider spread has been associated with global warming and climate change, favouring the maintenance and life cycle of their main vector, the ticks. However, another epidemiological aspect could favour this quick spread. Long persistence infection of Anaplasma ovis has been proposed as a hypothesis in several articles but never scientifically proven. The results of the present study demonstrate that eight adult sheep, both naturally or experimentally infected, maintain Anaplasma ovis load in blood during their whole productive life (4 to 6 years), being permanently infected. In addition, the results suggest that A. ovis bacterial load can be constant or suffer fluctuations, as has been demonstrated in other Anaplasma species. Both aspects can be determinants in the epidemiology and the transmission of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Ruiz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C. Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain.
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain.
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C. Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C. Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - José Calasanz Jiménez
- Veterinarios Asesores en Clínica y Sanidad Animal S.L, C. Ramón y Cajal 14, Zaragoza, 50003, Spain
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C. Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
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Lin L, Luo S, Qin R, Yang M, Wang X, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Zhu R, Fan H, Wang H, Hu Y, Wang L, Hu D. Long-term infection of SARS-CoV-2 changed the body's immune status. Clin Immunol 2020; 218:108524. [PMID: 32659373 PMCID: PMC7351676 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2-associated pneumonia, a disease called COVID-19, has caused a pandemic worldwide. To investigate the immune responses after infection of SARS-CoV-2 in non-critical patients may help to better understand the disease progression. We collected 334 confirmed COVID-19 cases including 212 still in hospital with nucleic acid test positive on halfway for SARS-CoV-2 and 122 discharged from hospital, compared specific antibodies, immune cells, and cytokine changes between the hospitalized and discharged patients. The hospitalized patients had a longer illness time compared with discharged patients. Analysis of viral loads explained long-term or persistent infection of SARS-CoV-2, which existed with the median time of 18.5 days of the positive nucleic acid test. Serum analysis showed that the specific anti-N IgG antibody was positive in all detected patients after infection of two weeks. Neutrophils, Monocytes, NK cells, and CD4+ T cells significantly increased, while total lymphocytes and CD8+ T cells decreased from non-critical hospitalized patients after longer-term infection. Further analysis of the cytokines showed that IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 from the hospitalized patients were significantly higher, indicating a potential of the increased CD4+ T cell differentiation. Viral loads explained the long-term or persistent infection of SARS-CoV-2 in some non-critical and hospitalized patients. After infection of two weeks, serum analysis showed that the specific anti-N IgG was positive in all detected patients. Compared with the discharged patients, inpatients had different immune cells after longer-infection of SARS-CoV-2. Compared with the discharged patients, hospitalized patients had an increase in some cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Renjie Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengling Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Quansheng Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Cai Q, Wang H, Huang L, Yan H, Zhu W, Tang S. Characterization of HIV-1 genotype specific antigens for the detection of recent and long-term HIV-1 infection in China. Virus Res 2019; 264:16-21. [PMID: 30794896 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To characterize HIV-1 gp41 as an antigen for developing HIV-1 incidence assay and to investigate the impact of HIV-1 genetic diversity on the assay performance, a number of truncated peptides were synthesized to identify the immunodominant epitopes (IDEs) of HIV-1 gp41 protein. Subsequently, the mixed peptides (MP3) or the recombinant protein (MP4) containing HIV-1 gp41 IDEs of the major HIV-1 genotype CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC/ CRF08_BC and subtype B in China were used to verify the sensitivity and specificity of HIV-1 recency testing. We identified the QKFLG and GKIIC motifs located in the loop region of HIV-1 gp41 as the two major IDEs. The surrounding amino acids EAQQHLLQLT and WNSSWSN could block the binding of gp41 peptide and anti-HIV antibody with low avidity, making the gp41 peptide p57 suitable for distinguishing recent and long-term HIV-1 infections. Furthermore, MP3 or MP4-based immunoassay could significantly improve the assay sensitivity and showed 93.33% (140/150) vs. 94.59% (35/37) and 94.08% (143/152) vs. 94.59% (35/37) concordance with commercially available LAg-Avidity EIA test among the cross-sectional and longitudinal samples, respectively. The estimated mean duration of recent infection (MDRI) was 130 days (95% CI: 83-167) and 166 days (95% CI: 123-202) for MP3 and MP4 assays, respectively. Our preliminary results indicate that the HIV-1 gp41 peptide-based immunoassay specifically targeting the major HIV-1 genotype CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC and subtype B could serve as a simple incidence assay for differentiating recent and long-term HIV-1 infections in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qundi Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanchang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixing Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangzhou, China; Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Lu CY, Kuo CH, Lo YC, Chuang HY, Yang YC, Wu IC, Yu FJ, Lee YC, Jan CM, Wang WM, Wu DC. Best method of detecting prior Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:5672-6. [PMID: 16237763 PMCID: PMC4481486 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i36.5672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Prior Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection has often been underestimated. These underestimations have misled physicians attempting to determine the significance between H pylori and certain gastrointestinal lesions such as intestinal metaplasia, atrophic gastritis, and gastric cancer. Our study endeavored to detect past H pylori infections accurately, easily, and rapidly with the newly developed immunoblot kit, Helico Blot 2.1.
METHODS: Thirty-three patients, including 25 H pylori infected and 8 uninfected cases, were enrolled in our study. All patients received consecutive gastroendoscopic examinations and 13C-urea breath test (UBT) tests at 6-or 12-mo intervals for up to 4 years. Serum samples were obtained from each patient at the same time. Intragastric H pylori infection was confirmed in accordance with the gold standard. Twenty-five H pylori-infected patients received triple therapies after initial bacterial confirmation, and were successful in eradicating their infections. Serially obtained sera were tested by means of Helico Blot 2.1.
RESULTS: Current infection marker detected by Helico Blot 2.1 was unreliable for representing ongoing H pylori infection. Only 35 and 37 ku antibodies of H pylori had significant seroconversion rates 1 year after having been cured. The seropositive rates of 116 ku (cytotoxin-associated antigen [CagA]) and Helico Blot 2.1 were nearly 100% during 4-year follow-up period. Both CagA antigen and Helico blot 2.1 could serve as indicators of long-term H pylori infection.
CONCLUSION: Helico Blot 2.1 can detect past H pylori infections for up to 4 years, and is the best method to date for detecting previous long-term H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100 Zih-You 1st Road, Kaohsiung City, 807 Taiwan, China
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