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Colson P, Gautret P, Delerce J, Chaudet H, Pontarotti P, Forterre P, Tola R, Bedotto M, Delorme L, Bader W, Levasseur A, Lagier J, Million M, Yahi N, Fantini J, La Scola B, Fournier P, Raoult D. The emergence, spread and vanishing of a French SARS-CoV-2 variant exemplifies the fate of RNA virus epidemics and obeys the Mistigri rule. J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28102. [PMID: 36031728 PMCID: PMC9539255 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The nature and dynamics of mutations associated with the emergence, spread, and vanishing of SARS-CoV-2 variants causing successive waves are complex. We determined the kinetics of the most common French variant ("Marseille-4") for 10 months since its onset in July 2020. Here, we analyzed and classified into subvariants and lineages 7453 genomes obtained by next-generation sequencing. We identified two subvariants, Marseille-4A, which contains 22 different lineages of at least 50 genomes, and Marseille-4B. Their average lifetime was 4.1 ± 1.4 months, during which 4.1 ± 2.6 mutations accumulated. Growth rate was 0.079 ± 0.045, varying from 0.010 to 0.173. Most of the lineages exhibited a bell-shaped distribution. Several beneficial mutations at unpredicted sites initiated a new outbreak, while the accumulation of other mutations resulted in more viral heterogenicity, increased diversity and vanishing of the lineages. Marseille-4B emerged when the other Marseille-4 lineages vanished. Its ORF8 gene was knocked out by a stop codon, as reported in SARS-CoV-2 of mink and in the Alpha variant. This subvariant was associated with increased hospitalization and death rates, suggesting that ORF8 is a nonvirulence gene. We speculate that the observed heterogenicity of a lineage may predict the end of the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Philippe Gautret
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Hervé Chaudet
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance,French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Camp de Sainte MartheMarseilleFrance
| | - Pierre Pontarotti
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)MarseilleFrance
| | - Patrick Forterre
- Département de MicrobiologieInstitut PasteurParisFrance,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRSGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Raphael Tola
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance
| | | | - Léa Delorme
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance,French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Camp de Sainte MartheMarseilleFrance
| | - Wahiba Bader
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Jean‐Christophe Lagier
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Matthieu Million
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Nouara Yahi
- INSERM UMR_S 1072Aix‐Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Bernard La Scola
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Pierre‐Edouard Fournier
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
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Abstract
The high sequence identity of the first SARS-CoV-2 samples collected in December 2019 at Wuhan did not foretell the emergence of novel variants in the United Kingdom, North and South America, India, or South Africa that drive the current waves of the pandemic. The viral spike receptor possesses two surface areas of high mutagenic plasticity: the supersite in its N-terminal domain (NTD) that is recognised by all anti-NTD antibodies and its receptor binding domain (RBD) where 17 residues make contact with the human Ace2 protein (angiotensin I converting enzyme 2) and many neutralising antibodies bind. While NTD mutations appear at first glance very diverse, they converge on the structure of the supersite. The mutations within the RBD, on the other hand, hone in on only a small number of key sites (K417, L452, E484, N501) that are allosteric control points enabling spike to escape neutralising antibodies while maintaining or even gaining Ace2-binding activity. The D614G mutation is the hallmark of all variants, as it promotes viral spread by increasing the number of open spike protomers in the homo-trimeric receptor complex. This review discusses the recent spike mutations as well as their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winger
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Thomas Caspari
- Faculty of Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Fournier PE, Colson P, Levasseur A, Devaux CA, Gautret P, Bedotto M, Delerce J, Brechard L, Pinault L, Lagier JC, Fenollar F, Raoult D. Emergence and outcomes of the SARS-CoV-2 ' Marseille-4' variant. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 106:228-236. [PMID: 33785459 PMCID: PMC7997945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Marseille, France, following a first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak in March-May 2020, a second epidemic phase occurred from June, involving 10 new variants. The Marseille-4 variant caused an epidemic that started in August and is still ongoing. METHODS The 1038 SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences obtained in our laboratory by next-generation sequencing with Illumina technology were analysed using Nextclade and nextstrain/ncov pipelines and IQ-TREE. A Marseille-4-specific qPCR assay was implemented. Demographic and clinical features were compared between patients with the Marseille-4 variant and those with earlier strains. RESULTS Marseille-4 harbours 13 hallmark mutations. One leads to an S477N substitution in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein targeted by current vaccines. Using a specific qPCR, it was observed that Marseille-4 caused 12-100% of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Marseille from September 2020, being involved in 2106 diagnoses. This variant was more frequently associated with hypoxemia than were clade 20A strains before May 2020. It caused a re-infection in 11 patients diagnosed with different SARS-CoV-2 strains before June 2020, suggesting either short-term protective immunity or a lack of cross-immunity. CONCLUSIONS Marseille-4 should be considered as a major SARS-CoV-2 variant. Its sudden appearance points towards an animal reservoir, possibly mink. The protective role of past exposure and current vaccines against this variant should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christian A Devaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Gautret
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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Bedotto M, Fournier PE, Houhamdi L, Levasseur A, Delerce J, Pinault L, Padane A, Chamieh A, Tissot-Dupont H, Brouqui P, Sokhna C, Azar E, Saile R, Mboup S, Bitam I, Colson P, Raoult D. Implementation of an in-house real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay for the rapid detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Marseille-4 variant. J Clin Virol 2021; 139:104814. [PMID: 33836314 PMCID: PMC8011323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been associated with the occurrence since summer 2020 of several viral variants that overlapped or succeeded each other in time. Those of current concern harbor mutations within the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) that may be associated with viral escape to immune responses. In our geographical area a viral variant we named Marseille-4 harbors a S477 N substitution in this RBD. Materials and methods We aimed to implement an in-house one-step real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qPCR) assay with a hydrolysis probe that specifically detects the SARS-CoV-2 Marseille-4 variant. Results All 6 cDNA samples from Marseille-4 variant strains identified in our institute by genome next-generation sequencing (NGS) tested positive using our Marseille-4 specific qPCR, whereas all 32 cDNA samples from other variants tested negative. In addition, 39/42 (93 %) respiratory samples identified by NGS as containing a Marseille-4 variant strain and 0/26 samples identified as containing non-Marseille-4 variant strains were positive. Finally, 2018/3960 (51%) patients SARS-CoV-2-diagnosed in our institute, 10/277 (3.6 %) respiratory samples collected in Algeria, and none of 207 respiratory samples collected in Senegal, Morocco, or Lebanon tested positive using our Marseille-4 specific qPCR. Discussion Our in-house qPCR system was found reliable to detect specifically the Marseille-4 variant and allowed estimating it is involved in about half of our SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses since December 2020. Such approach allows the real-time surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants, which is warranted to monitor and assess their epidemiological and clinical characterics based on comprehensive sets of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Bedotto
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Linda Houhamdi
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jeremy Delerce
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Lucile Pinault
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Abdou Padane
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formations (IRESSEF), Arrondissement 4 rue 2D1, pôle urbain de Diamniadio, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amanda Chamieh
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hervé Tissot-Dupont
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Brouqui
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Campus International IRD-UCAD de l'IRD, Dakar, Senegal; Aix-Marseille Univ., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Eid Azar
- Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rachid Saile
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Souleymane Mboup
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Épidémiologique et de Formations (IRESSEF), Arrondissement 4 rue 2D1, pôle urbain de Diamniadio, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Idir Bitam
- Ecole supérieure en Sciences de l'aliment et des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Alger, Algeria
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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