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Schröder J, Knoth H, Wolf S, Wegener M, Goltz L. [Medication reviews in community pharmacies: An approach to external quality assessment]. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2023; 176:22-30. [PMID: 36697303 DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A medication review aims at the optimization of medication use, the detection of drug-related problems (DRPs) and the recommendation of interventions. As part of the pilot project "Arzneimittelinitiative Sachsen-Thüringen" (ARMIN) and caused by the introduction of several training programs, numerous public pharmacies in Germany currently offer medication reviews for patients. However, a standardized method for external quality control has so far not been established. METHODS A round robin test for medication reviews was designed in written form by five pharmacists with expertise in different areas (Drug information service ARMIN, Saxonian Chamber of pharmacists, public pharmacy, hospital pharmacy), based on the recommendations of the guideline for medication reviews of the German Federal Chamber of Pharmacists (Bundesapothekerkammer). On the basis of a fictitious case study the participants were asked to check a patient's medication data for the presence of DRPs, propose possible solutions and generate a medication plan. The solutions were assessed by two pharmacists of the drug information service ARMIN on the basis of a best practice solution that had been consented in the study group beforehand. RESULTS 102 pharmacists and 13 pharmacy students in internship took part in the round robin test. On average, participants achieved a score of 7,62 out of 9 for recognizing DRPs and recommending solutions and a score of 0,79 out of 1 for generating a correct medication plan. 106 participants (92%) met the requirements for successful participation (recognizing the three most relevant DRPs and at least one further DRP as well as generating an adequate medication plan). The implementation of the approach described here proved to be practicable The State Directorate of Saxony accepted the round robin test as a measure for external quality assessment in accordance with legal requirements. CONCLUSIONS Due to the nationwide introduction of medication reviews as a pharmaceutical service in June 2022, medication reviews performed by German community pharmacies will gain in importance in the coming years. This is why quality assurance is necessary. Since the participants' performance in medication analysis becomes comparable by completing the round robin test, this instrument appears to be potentially suitable for the external quality assessment of medications reviews nationwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Schröder
- Klinik-Apotheke, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland.
| | - Holger Knoth
- Klinik-Apotheke, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Solveig Wolf
- Sächsische Landesapothekerkammer, Dresden, Deutschland
| | | | - Lisa Goltz
- Klinik-Apotheke, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
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Imfeld-Isenegger TL, Studer H, Ceppi MG, Rosen C, Bodmer M, Beeler PE, Boeni F, Häring AP, Hersberger KE, Lampert ML. Detection and resolution of drug-related problems at hospital discharge focusing on information availability - a retrospective analysis. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2021; 166:18-26. [PMID: 34538579 DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital stays are often associated with medication changes, which may lead to drug-related problems (DRPs). Medication reconciliation and medication reviews are strategies to detect and resolve DRPs. METHODS A descriptive cohort study was conducted using DRPs collected during routine pharmacist-led medication reconciliation and medication reviews in the hospital's community pharmacy at discharge (Zug Cantonal Hospital, Switzerland). In a simulation experiment, we retrospectively analysed the detection and resolution possibilities of these DRPs and their dependency on different information sources. RESULTS Overall, 6,087 prescriptions were filled in the hospital's community pharmacy (between June 2016 and May 2019). Among 1,352 prescriptions (with ≥ 1 documented DRP) a total of 1,876 DRPs were detected. The retrospective assessment showed that 1,115 DRPs could have been detected by performing simple medication reviews (based on the discharge prescription and the medication history), whereas in the remaining cases, additional clinical and/or patient-specific information would have been needed. In 944 (84.7 %) DRPs, which are detectable by simple medication reviews, the pharmacist would need to consult the prescriber for resolution. CONCLUSION The detection of DRPs is strongly influenced by the information available. These results support models with pre-discharge medication reconciliation and pharmacist-led medication review procedures enabling both comprehensive detection and facilitated resolution of DRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Imfeld-Isenegger
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Helene Studer
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Solothurner Spitäler AG, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Marco G Ceppi
- Hospital Pharmacy, Zuger Kantonsspital AG, Baar, Switzerland; Basel Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Rosen
- Hospital Pharmacy, Zuger Kantonsspital AG, Baar, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bodmer
- Internal Medicine, Zuger Kantonsspital AG, Baar, Switzerland
| | - Patrick E Beeler
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich & University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Boeni
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Solothurner Spitäler AG, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Armella P Häring
- Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt E Hersberger
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus L Lampert
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Solothurner Spitäler AG, Olten, Switzerland
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Waltering I, Scheppe S, Kurth V, Hempel G, Jaehde U. [Quality indicators for medication reviews in community pharmacies]. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2020; 153-154:44-53. [PMID: 32482507 DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication reviews conducted in community pharmacies are a measure to reduce drug-related problems and to increase medication safety. Since 2014, a guideline for medication reviews has been available in Germany. However, the sole existence of a guideline does not guarantee a high quality of this novel service. Quality indicators can contribute to ensure appropriate quality standards. So far, no such indicators have been available in Germany. This project therefore aims at developing suitable indicators to assess the quality of medication reviews type 2a in community pharmacies. METHODS Based on a literature review, potential quality indicators were generated. Using a two-step Delphi method applying the RUMBA criteria, a set of structure, process, and outcome indicators was developed. RESULTS The literature review identified 23 potential indicators. Nine further indicators derived from the guideline for medication reviews and expert opinion were amended. After discussion in a focus group, the 32 indicators were reduced to a preliminary set of twelve indicators used for the Delphi survey. Following two Delphi rounds, a final indicator set consisting of three structure indicators, one process indicator and two outcome indicators, was generated. DISCUSSION The set of quality indicators is potentially suitable for measuring the quality of medication reviews in German community pharmacies. In the next step, these indicators need to be evaluated with regard to their validity and applicability in daily routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Waltering
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Deutschland.
| | - Sophie Scheppe
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Klinische Pharmazie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Verena Kurth
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Klinische Pharmazie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Georg Hempel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Ulrich Jaehde
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Klinische Pharmazie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland
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