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Huang R, Song H, Wang X, Shen H, Li S, Guan X. Fatty acids-modified liposomes for encapsulation of bioactive peptides: Fabrication, characterization, storage stability and in vitro release. Food Chem 2024; 440:138139. [PMID: 38134830 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The fragile membranes of liposomes limit their application by the food industry. In this study, we hypothesized that interactions between fatty acids with different chain lengths and phospholipids might enhance liposome stability. Decanoic acid modified liposomes (Lipo-DA) and stearic acid modified liposomes (Lipo-SA) were fabricated for encapsulation of hydrophilic peptides. Fluorescence spectroscopy and FTIR analysis showed molecular interactions existed between alkyl chains and phospholipids, resulting in greater compactness and hydrophobicity of the membranes in Lipo-DA and Lipo-SA. This led to a reduction in melting point characterized by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Lipo-DA and Lipo-SA could delay the release of hydrophilic peptides compared with unmodified liposomes in simulated digestion. Moreover, Lipo-DA showed better stability during storage, while Lipo-SA exhibited precipitation, resulting in the lowest peptide retention. Our study showed that decanoic acid is suitable to enhance the stability of liposomes, although this approach has yet to be tested in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hongdong Song
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Huijie Shen
- Weifang Vocational College, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Ding L, Yang J, Yin K, Cheng H, Li J, Xue C. The spatial arrangement of astaxanthin in bilayers greatly influenced the structural stability of DPPC liposomes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 212:112383. [PMID: 35131712 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are regarded as the ideal nanocarrier for concurrent or separate delivery of nutraceuticals in the food industries. Precise control of the structural stability is essential for the processing, storage, and nutrition delivery of liposomes. Astaxanthin was found to significantly affect the membrane stability of liposomes by inserting into the phospholipid bilayers in a similar way to cholesterol. Compared with cholesterol, astaxanthin could significantly improve the phase transition temperature, membrane fluidity, and membrane compactness of liposomes. Additionally, the membrane stability was well modulated by controlling the distribution patterns of astaxanthin (monomers, H- and J-aggregates) in bilayers. For instance, astaxanthin H-aggregates could endow the liposomal membrane with highest rigidity and compactness. Additionally, astaxanthin aggregates, especially J-aggregates could greatly improve storage stability of liposomes, thus providing a novel strategy to regulate and optimize the stability of liposomes for their diversified applications.
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Wei MP, Yu H, Guo YH, Cheng YL, Xie YF, Yao WR. Synergistic antibacterial combination of Sapindoside A and B changes the fatty acid compositions and membrane properties of Cutibacterium acnes. Microbiol Res 2021; 255:126924. [PMID: 34837782 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sapindus saponins extracted from S. mukorossi have been reported to exert antibacterial activities against skin pathogenic bacteria, but their antibacterial mechanism is still at an exploratory stage. The objective of this study was to explore the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of the combination of two Sapindus saponins, namely Sapindoside A and B (SAB) against Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) 6919 via targeting the fatty acid compositions and membrane properties. After exposure to SAB, C. acnes cells increased the cell surface hydrophobicity and reduced the cell membrane fluidity by changing the composition of membrane fatty acids. In the fatty acid compositions, the content of two main fatty acids 12-methyl-tetradecanoic acid (isoC15:0) and octadecanoic acid (C18:0) reduced and improved respectively with the addition of SAB, and fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05). Further, molecular docking demonstrated that SAB interacted with FabD, which is an essential enzyme for bacterial type II fatty acid synthesis, via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. In the above results, the contribution of SA to SAB was greater than that of SB. In summary, the results revealed that SAB changed the fatty acid compositions of C. acnes, further disrupting the cell membrane properties, and SA played a major role, suggesting that SAB could be a natural antiacne additive against C. acnes-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ya-Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Liang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun-Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Rong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Ge R, Chen K, Cheng Y, Dai Y. Morphological and electrophysiological properties of serotonin neurons with NMDA modulation in the mesencephalic locomotor region of neonatal ePet-EYFP mice. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3333-50. [PMID: 31720812 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is an essential area for initiation of locomotion. Its functional roles and circuits underlying locomotion have been studied intensively in many species. Studies suggest that cuneiform nucleus and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are two core regions in the MLR for locomotion. However, it remains unclear about cellular components and morphological and intrinsic membrane properties of the neurons in these regions, especially the serotonergic neurons. Using neonatal ePet-EYFP transgenic mice and immunofluorescent technique, we demonstrated existence of 5-HT neurons in the MLR and discovered that 5-HT neurons distributed mainly in the caudal PPN. 5-HT neurons were heterogeneous in MLR and had three types of firing pattern (single spike, phasic and tonic) and two subtypes of morphology (pyramidal and stellate). We measured parameters of 5-HT neurons (n = 35) including resting membrane potential (- 69.2 ± 4.2 mV), input resistance (1410.1 ± 616.9 MΩ), membrane capacitance (36.4 ± 14.9 pF), time constant (49.7 ± 19.4 ms), voltage threshold (- 32.1 ± 7.4 mV), rheobase (21.3 ± 12.4 pA), action potential amplitude (58.9 ± 12.8 mV) and half-width (4.7 ± 1.1 ms), afterhyperpolarization amplitude (23.6 ± 10.4 mV) and half-decay (331.6 ± 157.7 ms). 5-HT neurons were intrinsically different from adjacent non-5-HT neurons and less excitable than them. Hyperpolarization-activated inward currents and persistent inward currents were recorded in 5-HT neurons. NMDA increased excitability of 5-HT neurons, especially the tonic-firing neurons, accompanied with depolarization of membrane potential, hyperpolarization of voltage threshold, reduction of afterhyperpolarization half-decay, and left-shift of frequency-current relationship. This study provided insight into the distribution and properties of 5-HT neurons in the MLR and interaction between serotonergic and glutamatergic modulations.
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Lu J, Liu H, Lin S, Li C, Wu H. Electrophysiological characterization of acutely isolated spiral ganglion neurons in neonatal and mature sonic hedgehog knock-in mice. Neurosci Lett 2019; 714:134536. [PMID: 31589904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are primary afferent auditory neurons activated by inner hair cells in mammalian cochlea. Here, for the convenience of SGN studies such as patch-clamp or single cell RNA-sequence studies, a knock-in mouse (ShhCreEGFP/+; Rosa26-Tdtomatoloxp/+) was generated for the purpose of obtaining fluorescence SGNs. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and Tuj1 immunohistochemistry staining were performed to verify the hearing function and the morphological characteristics. The results showed that there was no significant difference between shh and wild type mice. In electrophysiological studies, we verified a series of electrophysiological characteristics including the amplitude of sodium and potassium currents and action potential characteristics of shh and wild type mice and no significant differences were found either. From the above, shh mice have the same cell function and morphology as their littermate control wild type mice and could be used as an ideal tool to study the function and characteristics of spiral ganglion neurons. Potassium channels of SGNs play an important role in resolving time accuracy. We obtained similar amplitude of IK+ in neonatal and mature mice in the aging competition experiment, however, the density of IK+ from mature mice were significantly different from those of neonatal mice, a phenomenon that may play a key role in the nervous system. Potassium channels have been shown to contribute to apoptosis induced by cisplatin administration in various cell lines. Here we used cisplatin administration to study the ototoxicity and found that the effects of a low dose of cisplatin (0.5 mM correspond to therapeutic doses) causes a decrease in currents and is reversible after a short administration time. Moreover, we propose the activated state of potassium channels has changed but the characteristic and number remain still after cisplatin administration. The excess potassium ions may accumulate in the cell body, which had affected the firing properties and induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis. We suggest that the electrophysiological properties of acutely isolated SGNs may support further research on the mechanics of auditory propagation and ion channel pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Hayashi K, Morimoto K, Kamei T, Mieda E, Ichikawa S, Kuroiwa T, Fujita S, Nakamura H, Umakoshi H. Effect of dehydrocholic acid conjugated with a hydrocarbon on a lipid bilayer composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:58-65. [PMID: 31121382 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of bile acids, dehydrocholic acid (DHA) and DHA conjugated with a hydrocarbon (6-aminohexanoate; 6A-DHA) were evaluated using a lipid bilayer composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). DOPC formed a homogenous thin membrane in presence or absence of the DHA, while 20 mol% 6A-DHA induced phase separation on the DOPC thin membrane. It was observed formation of a stomatocyte-like liposomes when these membranes were suspended in a basic solvent. Generally, liposome formation can be prevented by some bile acids. It was found that DHA and 6A-DHA did not disrupt liposome formation, while DHA and 6A-DHA perturbed the liposomal membrane, resulting in increased local-fluidity due to the bent structure of DHA and 6A-DHA. DHA and 6A-DHA showed completely different effects on the hydrophobicity of the boundary surface of DOPC liposome membranes. The steroidal backbone of DHA was found to prevent the insertion of water molecules into the liposomal membrane, whereas 6A-DHA did not show the same behavior which was attributed to its conjugated hydrocarbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Hayashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara, 639-1080, Japan.
| | - Kazutoshi Morimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara, 639-1080, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kamei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara, 639-1080, Japan
| | - Eiko Mieda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara, 639-1080, Japan
| | - Sosaku Ichikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuroiwa
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo City University, 1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8557, Japan
| | - Sakiko Fujita
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hidemi Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara, 639-1080, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
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Liu W, Li J, Gao L, Zhang Z, Zhao J, He X, Zhang X. Bioaccumulation and effects of novel chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate in freshwater alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Environ Pollut 2018; 233:8-15. [PMID: 29049944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFESA) is a novel alternative compound for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), with its environmental risk not well known. The bioaccumulation and toxic effects of Cl-PFESA in the freshwater alga is crucial for the understanding of its potential hazards to the aquatic environment. Scenedesmus obliquus was exposed to Cl-PFESA at ng L-1 to mg L-1, with the exposure regime beginning at the environmentally relevant level. The total log BAF of Cl-PFESA in S. obliquus was 4.66, higher than the reported log BAF of PFOS in the freshwater plankton (2.2-3.2). Cl-PFESA adsorbed to the cell surface accounted for 33.5-68.3% of the total concentrations. The IC50 of Cl-PFESA to algal growth was estimated to be 40.3 mg L-1. Significant changes in algal growth rate and chlorophyll a/b contents were observed at 11.6 mg L-1 and 13.4 mg L-1 of Cl-PFESA, respectively. The sample cell membrane permeability, measured by the fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzation, was increased by Cl-PFESA at 5.42 mg L-1. The mitochondrial membrane potential, measured by Rh123 staining, was also increased, indicating the hyperpolarization induced by Cl-PFESA. The increasing ROS and MDA contents, along with the enhanced SOD, CAT activity, and GSH contents, suggested that Cl-PFESA caused oxidative damage in the algal cells. It is less possible that current Cl-PFESA pollution in surface water posed obvious toxic effects on the green algae. However, the bioaccumulation of Cl-PFESA in algae would contribute to its biomagnification in the aquatic food chain and its effects on membrane property could potentially increase the accessibility and toxicity of other coexisting pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lichen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Hayashi K, Iwai H, Kamei T, Kato A, Murata Y, Nakamura H, Umakoshi H. Characterization of sorbitan surfactant-based vesicles at the molecular scale using NMR: Effect of acyl chain length vs. phospholipid composition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 144:33-37. [PMID: 27062214 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We focused on the characterization of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface of the membrane of vesicles prepared with various sorbitan surfactants using two evaluation methods: Laurdan fluorescence intensity (GP(340) value) and NMR analysis (half linewidth). Laurdan fluorescence intensity analysis, used to evaluate the hydrophobicity of the interior of the vesicular membrane, indicated a similarity between Span vesicles and liposomes in terms of hydrophobicity, while NMR analysis, used to assess the mobility of lipid molecules, indicated a large difference between Span vesicles and liposomes in terms of molecular mobility at the interface. These results suggest that the physicochemical properties of Span vesicles and liposomes are roughly similar at the "meso-scale" but not completely similar at the "molecular scale."
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Hayashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan.
| | - Hideka Iwai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kamei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan
| | - Ayako Kato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan
| | - Hidemi Nakamura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nara College, 22 Yata-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara 639-1080, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) is a critical nexus between the auditory brainstem and the forebrain. Parallel auditory pathways that emerge from the brainstem are integrated in the IC. In this integration, de-novo auditory information processed as local and ascending inputs converge via the complex neural circuit of the IC. However, it is still unclear how information is processed within the neural circuit. The purpose of this review is to give an anatomical and physiological overview of the IC neural circuit. We address the functional organization of the IC where the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs interact to shape the responses of IC neurons to sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Ono
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030-3401, USA.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Tetsufumi Ito
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
- Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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