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Angelis YS, Sakellariou P, Petrou M, Pitsinos EN. Targeted Metabolic Investigation of Ligandrol and Analytical Methods Validation for Its Main Long-term Metabolite. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300634. [PMID: 38183391 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Prompted by the need for related analytical reference material in the frame of the fight against doping in sports, synthetic efforts towards the main long-term bishydroxylated metabolite (LGD-LTM1) of the nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) ligandrol have produced related derivatives that were exploited for a targeted metabolite analysis of urine samples obtained in the course of previous excretion studies of this SARM. Further clarifying ligandrol's metabolic profile, the availability of synthetic reference material permitted the structural elucidation of a previously reported pyrrolidinone-type metabolite and revealed its potential analytical utility as an additional long-term marker. Moreover, synthetic reference material enabled the comparison and validation of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based detection and identification methods focusing on the LGD-LTM1 marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis S Angelis
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str, GR 151 23, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str, GR 151 23, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Petrou
- Cyprus Anti-Doping Authority, Makarion Athletic Centre Avenue, Engomi, CY 2400, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Emmanuel N Pitsinos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", P.O. Box 60037, Aghia Paraskevi, GR 153 10, Athens, Greece
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Chhatrapati Bisen A, Nashik Sanap S, Agrawal S, Biswas A, Sankar Bhatta R. Chemical metabolite synthesis and profiling: Mimicking in vivo biotransformation reactions. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106722. [PMID: 37453238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation was previously viewed as merely the structural characterization of drug metabolites, and it was performed only when drug candidates entered clinical development. The synthesis of drug metabolites is crucial to the drug development process because it generates either pharmacologically active, inactive, or reactive molecules and hence their characterization and comprehensive pharmacological evaluation is necessary. The chemical metabolite synthesis is very challenging due to the complex structures of many drug molecules, presence of multiple stereocenters, poor reaction yields, and the formation of unwanted by-products. Drug metabolites and their chemical synthesis have immense significance in the drug discovery process. The chemical synthesis of metabolites facilitates on- or off-target pharmacological and toxicological evaluations at the easiest. In a broader view metabolite could be a target lead molecule for drug design, toxic reactive metabolites, pharmaceutical standards for bioanalytical methods, etc. Collectively these metabolite information dossiers will aid regulatory agencies such as the EMA and FDA in maintaining strict vigilance over drug manufacturers with regard to the safety of NCE's and their hidden metabolites. Herein, we are presenting a systematic compilation of chemical and biocatalytic strategies reported to date for pharmaceutical drug metabolite synthesis. This review report is very useful for the laboratory synthesis of new drug metabolites, and their preclinical biological evaluation could aid in the detection of early threats (alerts) in drug discovery, eliminate the toxicity profile, explore newer pharmacology, and delivering a promising and safe drug candidate to humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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Siirola E, Eggimann F, Moore C, Schroer K, Vargas A, Peschke T, Schlama T, Snajdrova R. Evolution of Biocatalysis at Novartis over the last 40 Years. Chimia (Aarau) 2023; 77:376-383. [PMID: 38047776 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2023.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The fortieth anniversary of biocatalysis started at Ciba-Geigy and later at Novartis is a great time to pause and reflect on development of science and technology in this field. Enzyme-based synthesis became a highly valued enabling tool for pharmaceutical research and development over the last decades. In this perspective we aim to discuss how the scientific approaches and trends evolved over the time and present future challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Siirola
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, CH-4108.
| | - Fabian Eggimann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, CH-4108.
| | - Charles Moore
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, CH-4108.
| | - Kirsten Schroer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, CH-4108.
| | - Alexandra Vargas
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, CH-4108.
| | - Theo Peschke
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, CH-4108.
| | - Thierry Schlama
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, CH-4108.
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, CH-4108.
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Eljezi T, Pinta P, Richard D, Pinguet J, Chezal JM, Chagnon MC, Sautou V, Grimandi G, Moreau E. In vitro cytotoxic effects of DEHP-alternative plasticizers and their primary metabolites on a L929 cell line. Chemosphere 2017; 173:452-459. [PMID: 28129623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters have been widely used to improve the plasticity of PVC medical devices. They carry a high exposure risk for both humans and the environment in clinical situations. Our study focuses on the cytotoxicity of alternative plasticizers. Postulated primary metabolites were synthesized, not being commercially available. Cytotoxicity assays were performed on L929 murine cells according to the ISO-EN 10993-5 standard design for the biocompatibility of medical devices. The tested concentrations of plasticizers (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml) covered the range likely to be found in biological fluids coming into direct contact with the medical devices. DEHP, DINP and DINCH were cytotoxic at the highest concentration (0.1 mg/ml) for 7 days of exposure. Their corresponding metabolites were found to be more cytotoxic, for the same concentration. By contrast, TOTM and its corresponding metabolite MOTM were not found to be cytotoxic. DEHA showed no cytotoxicity, but its corresponding monoester (MEHA) produced a cytotoxic effect at 0.05 mg/ml. In clinical situations, medical devices can release plasticizers, which can come into contact with patients. In vivo, the plasticizers are quickly transformed into primary metabolites. It is therefore important to measure the effects of both the plasticizers and their corresponding metabolites. Standard first-line cytotoxicity assays should be performed to ensure biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teuta Eljezi
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, U1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Pinta
- France Université de Nantes, INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, F-44042, France
| | - Damien Richard
- Service de Pharmacologie, Hôpital Gabriel-Montpied, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémy Pinguet
- Service de Pharmacologie, Hôpital Gabriel-Montpied, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Michel Chezal
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, U1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chagnon
- Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Team (NUTox), UMR U866 INSERM, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Sautou
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676C-BIOSENSS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaël Grimandi
- France Université de Nantes, INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, F-44042, France
| | - Emmanuel Moreau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, U1240 Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France.
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