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Kirillova NY, Shchenkov SV, Kirillov AA, Ruchin AB. Trematodes of Genera Gyrabascus and Parabascus from Bats in European Russia: Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:878. [PMID: 35741399 PMCID: PMC9219772 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphological variability of trematodes from bats (Chiroptera) is poorly studied. Since the variability of adult digenean specimens may be rather high, morphological features are often insufficient for the identification of closely related species, and confirmation with the use of molecular data is required. The aim of our study was to combine the morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of several bat trematodes from the genera Gyrabascus and Parabascus (Pleurogenidae): Gyrabascus amphoraeformis, Gyrabascus oppositus, Parabascus lepidotus, Parabascus duboisi, and Parabascus semisquamosus, of which G. amphoraeformis and G. oppositus are little known in European Russia. We made detailed morphological descriptions of these trematodes from several definitive hosts, analyzed morphometric features, and generated new partial sequences of the 28S rRNA gene. A broad variability of trematodes of the genera Gyrabascus and Parabascus was revealed both from various host species and from specimens of the same host species. We propose a new taxonomic key for the identification of the studied species. Certain host specificity of these trematodes was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Yu. Kirillova
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center RAS, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin RAS, Togliatti 445003, Russia; (N.Y.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Sergei V. Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;
| | - Alexander A. Kirillov
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center RAS, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin RAS, Togliatti 445003, Russia; (N.Y.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexander B. Ruchin
- Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve, National Park “Smolny”, Saransk 430005, Russia
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Hoffmann S, Bley A, Matthes M, Firzlaff U, Luksch H. The Neural Basis of Dim-Light Vision in Echolocating Bats. Brain Behav Evol 2019; 94:61-70. [PMID: 31747669 DOI: 10.1159/000504124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Echolocating bats evolved a sophisticated biosonar imaging system that allows for a life in dim-light habitats. However, especially for far-range operations such as homing, bats can support biosonar by vision. Large eyes and a retina that mainly consists of rods are assumed to be the optical adjustments that enable bats to use visual information at low light levels. In addition to optical mechanisms, many nocturnal animals evolved neural adaptations such as elongated integration times or enlarged spatial sampling areas to further increase the sensitivity of their visual system by temporal or spatial summation of visual information. The neural mechanisms that underlie the visual capabilities of echolocating bats have, however, so far not been investigated. To shed light on spatial and temporal response characteristics of visual neurons in an echolocating bat, Phyllostomus discolor, we recorded extracellular multiunit activity in the retino-recipient superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC). We discovered that response latencies of these neurons were generally in the mammalian range, whereas neural spatial sampling areas were unusually large compared to those measured in the SC of other mammals. From this we suggest that echolocating bats likely use spatial but not temporal summation of visual input to improve visual performance under dim-light conditions. Furthermore, we hypothesize that bats compensate for the loss of visual spatial precision, which is a byproduct of spatial summation, by integration of spatial information provided by both the visual and the biosonar systems. Given that knowledge about neural adaptations to dim-light vision is mainly based on studies done in non-mammalian species, our novel data provide a valuable contribution to the field and demonstrate the suitability of echolocating bats as a nocturnal animal model to study the neurophysiological aspects of dim-light vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hoffmann
- Chair of Zoology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, .,Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Seewiesen, Germany,
| | - Alexandra Bley
- Chair of Zoology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Mariana Matthes
- Chair of Zoology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Uwe Firzlaff
- Chair of Zoology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Harald Luksch
- Chair of Zoology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Lee WT, Jones DD, Yates JL, Winslow GM, Davis AD, Rudd RJ, Barron CT, Cowan C. Identification of secreted and membrane-bound bat immunoglobulin using a Microchiropteran-specific mouse monoclonal antibody. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 65:114-123. [PMID: 27377583 PMCID: PMC7172696 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bat immunity has received increasing attention because some bat species are being decimated by the fungal disease, White Nose Syndrome, while other species are potential reservoirs of zoonotic viruses. Identifying specific immune processes requires new specific tools and reagents. In this study, we describe a new mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) reactive with Eptesicus fuscus immunoglobulins. The epitope recognized by mAb BT1-4F10 was localized to immunoglobulin light (lambda) chains; hence, the mAb recognized serum immunoglobulins and B lymphocytes. The BT1-4F10 epitope appeared to be restricted to Microchiropteran immunoglobulins and absent from Megachiropteran immunoglobulins. Analyses of sera and other E. fuscus fluids showed that most, if not all, secreted immunoglobulins utilized lambda light chains. Finally, mAb BT1-4F10 permitted the identification of B cell follicles in splenic white pulp. This Microchiropteran-specific mAb has potential utility in seroassays; hence, this reagent may have both basic and practical applications for studying immune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Lee
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA; The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA.
| | - Derek D Jones
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
| | - Jennifer L Yates
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
| | - Gary M Winslow
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA; The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - April D Davis
- The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - Robert J Rudd
- The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - Christopher T Barron
- The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - Cailyn Cowan
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
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Kumar M, Priya YS, Mathur V, Kumar H, Elangovan V. Ultrastructural Hair Morphology: a Supplemental Tool for Species Recognition in Bats. Zool Stud 2016; 55:e25. [PMID: 31966170 PMCID: PMC6511817 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2016.55-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mukesh Kumar, Yuvana S. Priya, Virendra Mathur, Harendra Kumar, and Vadamalai Elangovan (2016) The ultrastructural hair morphology of 09 insectivorous bats such as Pipistrellus coromandra, P. ceylonicus, Scotophilus kuhlii, S. heathii, Hipposideros fulvus, H. lankadiva, Megaderma lyra, Rhinopoma micorphyllum and R. hardwickii were examined through scanning electron microscope to validate the use of hair characteristics as supplemental taxonomic tools for species recognition. The results suggest that the hair characteristics such as scale cuticle, divergence from the shaft and degree of hastateness varied among different species of bats. The coronal divergent scale was found in P. coromandra, P. ceylonicus, H. fulvus, and H. lankadiva while coronal divaricate scale was found in R. micorphyllum and R. hardwickii. However, imbricate type of scale was found in S. kuhlii, S. heathii and M. lyra with different degree of hastateness among them. The different types of hastateness found among these insectivorous bats include unequal hastate, equal hastate, alternate, elongate, rounded, simple, denticulate, acuminate and cusped. The hair characteristics such as hair length, scale length, scale width, scale index and width index differed among different species. However, there was no difference in the structure of scales among dorsal, ventral and neck hairs. The ultrastructural diverseness in the hair morphology of different insectivorous species suggests that the structural features of hairs could be used for species recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Applied Animal Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao
Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail:
| | - Yuvana S. Priya
- Residential Coaching Academy, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail:
| | - Virendra Mathur
- Department of Applied Animal Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao
Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail:
| | - Harendra Kumar
- Department of Applied Animal Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao
Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail:
| | - Vadamalai Elangovan
- Department of Applied Animal Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao
Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226 025, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hoffmann S, Genzel D, Prosch S, Baier L, Weser S, Wiegrebe L, Firzlaff U. Biosonar navigation above water I: estimating flight height. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1135-45. [PMID: 25411456 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00263.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion and foraging on the wing require precise navigation in more than just the horizontal plane. Navigation in three dimensions and, specifically, precise adjustment of flight height are essential for flying animals. Echolocating bats drink from water surfaces in flight, which requires an exceptionally precise vertical navigation. Here, we exploit this behavior in the bat, Phyllostomus discolor, to understand the biophysical and neural mechanisms that allow for sonar-guided navigation in the vertical plane. In a set of behavioral experiments, we show that for echolocating bats, adjustment of flight height depends on the tragus in their outer ears. Specifically, the tragus imposes elevation-specific spectral interference patterns on the echoes of the bats' sonar emissions. Head-related transfer functions of our bats show that these interference patterns are most conspicuous in the frequency range ∼55 kHz. This conspicuousness is faithfully preserved in the frequency tuning and spatial receptive fields of cortical single and multiunits recorded from anesthetized animals. In addition, we recorded vertical spatiotemporal response maps that describe neural tuning in elevation over time. One class of units that were very sharply tuned to frequencies ∼55 kHz showed unusual spatiotemporal response characteristics with a preference for paired echoes where especially the first echo originates from very low elevations. These behavioral and neural data provide the first insight into biosonar-based processing and perception of acoustic elevation cues that are essential for bats to navigate in three-dimensional space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hoffmann
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Chair of Zoology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Daria Genzel
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Selina Prosch
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Leonie Baier
- Max Planck Research Group Sensory Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany; and
| | - Sabrina Weser
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lutz Wiegrebe
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Max Planck Research Group Sensory Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany; and
| | - Uwe Firzlaff
- Chair of Zoology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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