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Mallick B, Best K, Carrico A, Ghosh T, Priodarshini R, Sultana Z, Samanta G. How do migration decisions and drivers differ against extreme environmental events? Environ Hazards 2023; 22:475-497. [PMID: 38414812 PMCID: PMC10898960 DOI: 10.1080/17477891.2023.2195152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Migration is often understood to be a livelihood strategy to cope with the effects of environmental threats and climate change. Yet, the extent to which migration decisions differ due to the type, severity, and frequency of environmental events has been little explored. This paper employs household surveys in southwestern Bangladesh to explore this research gap. A multinominal regression model is used to simulate reported future migration decisions (200 sample households) in the context of both rapid-onset (i.e. cyclone and flood) and slow-onset (salinity, siltation, and riverbank erosion) environmental phenomena. Results show: i) previous disaster experience and increasing conflict in the community motivate migration in the near future in the context of slow-onset phenomena (salinity); (ii) economic strength and self-efficacy increase non-migration intention in both contexts of sudden and slow-onset events; and (iii) the extent and pattern of these influences on migration differ across demographics, including education, religion, and age. Importantly, this analysis shows that the relationship between migration decisions and the type, severity, and frequency of environmental events is influenced by socioeconomic conditions. Therefore, this research supports future adaptation planning specifically tailored to the type and exposure of extreme environmental events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishawjit Mallick
- Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kelsea Best
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Carrico
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tuhin Ghosh
- School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Rup Priodarshini
- International Center for Climate Change Adaptation and Development (ICCCAD), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zakia Sultana
- Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Gopa Samanta
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
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Leviston Z, Dandy J, Horwitz P, Drake D. Anticipating environmental losses: Effects on place attachment and intentions to move. J Migr Health 2023; 7:100152. [PMID: 36816442 PMCID: PMC9932457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2023.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental change is often accompanied by non-tangible, non-economic losses, including loss of valued attributes, connection to place, and social cohesion through migration in the face of such changes. Over two studies we sought to test whether imagining the loss of valued environmental characteristics influences intentions to migrate elsewhere and/or engage in place-protective actions, and whether this can be accounted for by changes to place attachment, using the city of Perth, Western Australia as a case study. In Study 1 (N = 148) we found imagined environmental loss significantly increased intentions to move away, and significantly decreased place attachment. There was no influence of imagining loss on place-protective action intentions. We replicated these findings in a representative community sample (Study 2: N = 333). In addition, we found that changes to moving intentions and place attachment related to the type of valued characteristic imagined loss, with characteristics that went beyond the explicitly environmental to encompass social relationships and lifestyle dimensions related to a tendency to stay, and lower reductions to place attachment. The implications of these findings include the inseparability of responses to environmental changes and perceptions of socio-cultural loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Leviston
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Building 39, Science Rd, Acton, 2000, Canberra, ACT, Australia,School of Arts & Humanities, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive Perth, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia,Corresponding author at: Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Building 39, Science Rd, Acton, 2000, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Justine Dandy
- School of Arts & Humanities, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive Perth, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia,Centre for People, Place & Planet, Edith Cowan University, Perth 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Pierre Horwitz
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia,Centre for People, Place & Planet, Edith Cowan University, Perth 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Deirdre Drake
- School of Arts & Humanities, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive Perth, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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Atella V, Deb P, Kopinska J. Heterogeneity in long term health outcomes of migrants within Italy. J Health Econ 2019; 63:19-33. [PMID: 30439575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article examines the long term physical and mental health effects of internal migration focusing on a relatively unique migration experience concentrated over a short period between 1950 and 1970 from the South to the North of Italy. We find a positive and statistically significant association between migration, its timing and physical health for migrant females, which we show are likely to represent rural females in both the early and the late cohort. We find less defined evidence of migration-health association for mental health. We link our findings to the economic transition and labor market transformation that Italy witnessed in that era. Male migrants were likely to be positively selected to migration, but harsh working conditions were likely to downplay this differential. On the contrary, women migrants, by and large, would not engage in the formal labor market avoiding the ill effects of working environments, at the same time benefiting from better living conditions and health care in the destination regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Atella
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, CEIS Tor Vergata, Italy; CHP-PCOR Stanford University, United States.
| | - Partha Deb
- Hunter College, United States; The Graduate Center, CUNY, United States; NBER, United States
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Abstract
There is limited empirical evidence of how environmental conditions in the Global South may influence long-distance international migration to the Global North. This research note reports findings from seven focus groups held in Ottawa-Gatineau, Canada, with recent migrants from the Horn of Africa and francophone sub-Saharan Africa, where the role of environment in migration decision-making was discussed. Participants stated that those most affected by environmental challenges in their home countries lack the financial wherewithal to migrate to Canada. Participants also suggested that internal rural-urban migration patterns generated by environmental challenges in their home countries underlay socioeconomic factors that contributed to their own migration. In other words, environment is a second- or third-order contributor in a complex chain of interactions in the migrant source country that may lead to long-distance international migration by skilled and educated urbanites. These findings have informed the scope and detail of a larger, ongoing empirical study of environmental influences on immigration to Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Veronis
- Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, 60 University, Room 017, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Robert McLeman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5 Canada
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