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Grene KL, Dharani AS, Siegel MB. Gun violence prevention policy: Perceived and actual levels of gun owner support. Prev Med Rep 2023; 35:102324. [PMID: 37528964 PMCID: PMC10387604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gun violence prevention is often viewed as polarizing, although gun owners actually support many gun safety policies. The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between gun owners' perceptions of other gun owners' support for gun policies and their own individual support for such policies. NORC at the University of Chicago, which uses a panel of adults recruited through probability sampling, conducted an online/phone survey of 1,078 adult gun owners. Respondents were asked about their individual support for seven gun safety policies and their perceptions of other gun owners' support for those policies. We used two-sample t-tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the relationship between perceived and individual support. We found that gun owners underestimated fellow gun owners' support for gun violence prevention policy, especially if they personally opposed that policy. Gun owners' perception of fellow gun owners' support for a policy was significantly associated with the likelihood of individual support for that policy for all laws examined. These findings have important implications for correcting misperceptions of the level of gun owner support for gun safety policies as well as conducting and targeting educational campaigns to respond to and correct media misinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Grene
- Corresponding author at: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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2
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Tenzek KE, Lapan E, Ophir Y, Lattimer TA. Staying connected: Alzheimer's hashtags and opportunities for engagement and overcoming stigma. J Aging Stud 2023; 66:101165. [PMID: 37704283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a terminal, neurodegenerative disease, and consequently is difficult to communicate about as it is stigmatized, and discussions are rife with misconceptions. By situating AD conversations in the sociocultural space of the opportunity model of presence during the end-of-life process, a framework developed illustrating the potential trajectory from living with illness through death and into bereavement, we examined networked discussions surrounding Alzheimer's related hashtags on Twitter (N = 132,803) between January 1st, 2010, and September 29th, 2021. Using the mixed-method approach of the Analysis of Topic Model Network (ANTMN) framework, results revealed 30 topics clustered into five distinct themes: promotion, education, action, "You aren't alone", and dementia. Results indicated that discussions surrounding World Alzheimer's Day focused on changing stigma and promoting engagement in difficult conversations. The frequency of themes over time remained relatively stable. By understanding how Twitter's online discourse may be used to overcome stigmatized topics, we can continue to tailor messages to reduce stigma and provide support for those who experience similar health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Tenzek
- 359 Department of Communication, Baldy Hall University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America.
| | - Emily Lapan
- 359 Department of Communication, Baldy Hall University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Yotam Ophir
- 359 Department of Communication, Baldy Hall University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Tahleen A Lattimer
- 359 Department of Communication, Baldy Hall University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
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3
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Borah P, Xiao X, Vishnevskaya A, Su Y. Narrative versus statistical messages: The interplay of perceived susceptibility and misperceptions on vaccine intention. Curr Psychol 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37359635 PMCID: PMC10236406 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Although there is enough scientific evidence to show the benefits and safety of vaccines, vaccine rates are low, while misperceptions about vaccines are on the rise. The main purposes of the current study are to 1) examine the effects of narrative vs. statistical messages on vaccine intention, 2) test the mediating role of perceived expectancies, and 3) examine the moderating roles of perceived susceptibility and misperceptions on vaccine intention. Data were collected with an online experiment through Amazon Mturk. The online experiment was conducted via Qualtrics once the study was considered exempt by the Institutional Research Board of a large University in the U.S. A total of 300 participants aged 18 and above completed the survey. Findings show that perceived expectancies mediate the relationship between message manipulation and vaccine intention. Our findings also show a three-way interaction which indicates that among individuals with high misperceptions, statistical messages are more persuasive for individuals with high perceived susceptibility, while narrative messages are more influential for individuals with low perceived susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porismita Borah
- Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Xizhu Xiao
- School of Journalism and Communication, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 Shandong China
| | - Anastasia Vishnevskaya
- Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Yan Su
- School of Journalism and Communication, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
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4
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Santana C, Pines HA, Lemus H, Martinez ME, Nodora JN, Pulgarin SP, Crespo NC, Madanat H, McDaniels-Davidson C. HPV Vaccine Misperceptions Among Hispanics/Latinos in Southern California. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01631-4. [PMID: 37195591 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical and other vaccine-preventable HPV-associated cancers disproportionately impact Hispanic/Latinos in the USA. HPV vaccine uptake may be impacted by community agreement with common HPV vaccine misperceptions. It is unknown whether Hispanics/Latinos have a greater agreement with these misperceptions relative to non-Hispanic whites. METHODS HPV vaccine misperceptions were assessed through a 12-item Likert scale included in a population health assessment mailed to households in the southwest United States. Linear regression models assessed the association between identifying as Hispanic/Latino and summed misperception score. RESULTS Among the 407 individuals in the analytic sample, 111 (27.3%) were Hispanic/Latino and 296 (72.7%) were non-Hispanic white. On average, Hispanics/Latinos had a 3.03-point higher HPV vaccine misperception sum score relative to non-Hispanic whites, indicating greater agreement with misperceptions (95% confidence interval: 1.16-4.88; p < 0.01). DISCUSSION Culturally relevant interventions are needed to address HPV vaccine misperceptions among Hispanics/Latinos as part of efforts toward HPV-associated cancer health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Santana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Heather A Pines
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
- School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego Herbert Wertheim, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hector Lemus
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego Herbert Wertheim, San Diego, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, San Diego Health, University of California, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Jesse N Nodora
- School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego Herbert Wertheim, San Diego, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, San Diego Health, University of California, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Salma Parra Pulgarin
- School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego Herbert Wertheim, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Noe C Crespo
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, San Diego Health, University of California, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Hala Madanat
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
- Division of Research and Innovation, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Corinne McDaniels-Davidson
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, San Diego Health, University of California, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
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Su Y, Lee DKL, Xiao X. "I enjoy thinking critically, and I'm in control": Examining the influences of media literacy factors on misperceptions amidst the COVID-19 infodemic. Comput Human Behav 2021; 128:107111. [PMID: 34866771 PMCID: PMC8631744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Misinformation circulation has arguably reached a peak during the COVID-19 pandemic, creating an “infodemic” that severely endangers public health and well-being. Using a moderated mediation model, a survey of 712 respondents from China reveals that social media information seeking is positively associated with COVID-19 misperceptions, while need for cognition (NFC) is negatively associated with it. Both relationships became more significant while mediating through individuals' general misperceptions. Moreover, it is found that among those with greater locus of control over media, the association between social media information seeking and COVID-19 misperceptions became more positive, while the association between NFC and COVID-19 misperceptions became more negative among those with greater media locus of control. Findings provide insights into the misperception research and have practical implications regarding infodemic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- School of Journalism and Communication, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 , China
| | - Danielle Ka Lai Lee
- Edward R. Murrow College of Communication, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Xizhu Xiao
- School of Journalism and Communication, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071 , China
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6
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Clayton K, Finley C, Flynn DJ, Graves M, Nyhan B. Evaluating the effects of vaccine messaging on immunization intentions and behavior: Evidence from two randomized controlled trials in Vermont. Vaccine 2021; 39:5909-5917. [PMID: 34481697 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of vaccines in reducing child morbidity and mortality worldwide relies on public acceptance. However, relatively little is known about the effects of vaccine communication on vaccine attitudes and immunization behavior. Previous research suggests that common communication approaches may be ineffective or even counterproductive, especially among vaccine-hesitant parents. However, these studies typically rely on observational data or self-reported measures of vaccination intention. Using novel research designs, we tested the attitudinal and behavioral effects of messages encouraging vaccination in both a survey experiment conducted among a large sample of parents in Vermont who expressed hesitancy about childhood immunizations and a field experiment among parents whose children were overdue for vaccines. We find that neither a message promoting immunization as a social norm nor a message correcting common misperceptions about vaccines was measurably more effective than a standard public health message at improving parents' attitudes toward vaccines, intention to vaccinate their children, or compliance with the recommended vaccine schedule. Our results highlight the need for more research on approaches to successfully reducing vaccine hesitancy among parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Clayton
- Department of Political Science, Stanford University, United States.
| | - Christine Finley
- Immunization Program, Vermont Department of Health, United States
| | - D J Flynn
- School of Global and Public Affairs, IE University, Spain
| | - Meredith Graves
- Immunization Program, Vermont Department of Health, United States
| | - Brendan Nyhan
- Department of Government, Dartmouth College, United States
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7
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Bechtel MM, Mannino M. Ready When the Big One Comes? Natural Disasters and Mass Support for Preparedness Investment. Polit Behav 2021; 45:1-26. [PMID: 34456406 PMCID: PMC8380007 DOI: 10.1007/s11109-021-09738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Societies can address collective threats such as natural disasters or pandemics by investing in preparedness (ex ante) or by offering compensation after an adverse event has occurred (ex post). What explains which of these options voters prefer? We study how personal exposure and policy knowledge affect mass support for long-term disaster preparedness, a type of long-term investment meant to cope with an increasingly destructive and frequent class of events. We first assess whether support for preparedness reflects personal affectedness and find that neither subjective nor geo-coded measures of disaster exposure predict policy preferences. Second, we explore whether this finding can be explained by misperceptions about the features of the available policy options. We find that revealing the damage reductions associated with preparedness systematically reduces opposition to long-term investment. These results suggest that opposition to preparing for collective threats may depend more on informational deficiencies than on personal experience with realized risks. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11109-021-09738-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Bechtel
- Department of Political Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 United States
- Swiss Institute for International Economics and Applied Economic Research, University of St.Gallen, Bodanstrasse 8, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Mannino
- Swiss Institute for International Economics and Applied Economic Research, University of St.Gallen, Bodanstrasse 8, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Calvert S, Dempsey RC, Povey R. Normative misperceptions of unhealthy snacking amongst 11- to 12-year-old secondary school students. Appetite 2021; 166:105462. [PMID: 34119560 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Younger adolescents are at an age where they have increasing control of their diet, and where peers become an important social reference for acceptable and normative dietary behaviours. These normative perceptions are often inaccurate and can lead to the development of unhealthy eating practices; although, the role of normative misperceptions of peers' unhealthy snacking behaviours in younger adolescents' personal snacking behaviours is not clear. The current study was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a social norms-based healthy eating intervention sampling two secondary schools in deprived areas of England. Students aged 11-12 years (n = 252) completed self-report measures of their demographic characteristics and personal behaviours, attitudes, intentions, and normative perceptions (descriptive and injunctive norms), relating to unhealthy snacking. Results indicated students overestimated peers' daily unhealthy snacks consumption by approximately 3.2 portions, misperceived peers to have more positive attitudes towards unhealthy snacking and more negative attitudes towards reducing snacking. The greater these misperceptions of peers' behaviours and attitudes, the more likely students were to consume unhealthy snacks and have positive attitudes about unhealthy snacking. Girls had a stronger intention to reduce their snacking behaviours if they had more positive attitudes to reducing snacking behaviours and misperceived peers to also have a positive attitude. In summary, 11- to 12-year-olds misperceive the snacking behaviour and attitudes of their peers, and such normative misperceptions are associated with students' own snacking behaviours and attitudes. Interventions which challenge these misperceptions may assist in reducing the social acceptability of unhealthy snacking and in reducing unhealthy snacking amongst young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Calvert
- The Staffordshire Centre for Psychological Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2DF, UK.
| | - Robert C Dempsey
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6GX, UK
| | - Rachel Povey
- The Staffordshire Centre for Psychological Research, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2DF, UK
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Phillips JR, Matar E, Ehgoetz Martens KA, Moustafa AA, Halliday GM, Lewis SJG. Evaluating a novel behavioral paradigm for visual hallucinations in Dementia with Lewy bodies. Aging Brain 2021; 1:100011. [PMID: 36911512 PMCID: PMC9997132 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2021.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of the Bistable Percept Paradigm (BPP), a computerised behavioural task that has previously been utilised for the assessment of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's Disease, in a Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) cohort. Dementia with Lewy bodies patients demonstrated poorer performance than healthy controls (HC) on the BPP with significantly more misperceptions and a greater failure to detect bistable percepts correctly compared to HC. Further, the number of misperceptions was also correlated with the severity of hallucinations. The findings from this study demonstrate that the BPP is a viable tool to measure misperceptions in DLB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Phillips
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elie Matar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.,Dementia and Movement Disorders Laboratory, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kaylena A Ehgoetz Martens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.,Dementia and Movement Disorders Laboratory, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
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Miloserdov K, Schmidt-Samoa C, Williams K, Weinrich CA, Kagan I, Bürk K, Trenkwalder C, Bähr M, Wilke M. Aberrant functional connectivity of resting state networks related to misperceptions and intra-individual variability in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 25:102076. [PMID: 31794926 PMCID: PMC6906716 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) frequently suffer from visual misperceptions and hallucinations, which are difficult to objectify and quantify. We aimed to develop an image recognition task to objectify misperceptions and to assess performance fluctuations in PD patients with and without self-reported hallucinations. Thirty-two non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease (16 with and 16 without self-reported visual hallucinations) and 25 age-matched healthy controls (HC) were tested. Participants performed a dynamic image recognition task with real and scrambled images. We assessed misperception scores and intra-individual variability in recognition times. To gain insight into possible neural mechanisms related to misperceptions and performance fluctuations we correlated resting state network connectivity to the behavioral outcomes in a subsample of Parkinson's disease patients (N = 16). We found that PD patients with self-reported hallucinations (PD-VH) exhibited higher perceptual error rates, due to decreased perceptual sensitivity and not due to changed decision criteria. In addition, PD-VH patients exhibited higher intra-individual variability in recognition times than HC or PD-nonVH patients. Both, misperceptions and intra-individual variability were negatively correlated with resting state functional connectivity involving frontal and parietal brain regions, albeit in partly different subregions. Consistent with previous research suggesting that hallucinations arise from dysfunction in attentional networks, misperception scores correlated with reduced functional connectivity between the dorsal attention and salience network. Intra-individual variability correlated with decreased connectivity between somatomotor and right fronto-parietal networks. We conclude that our task can detect visual misperceptions that are more prevalent in PD-VH patients. In addition, fluctuating visual performance appear to be a signature of PD-VH patients, which might assist further studies of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Miloserdov
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany; German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Carsten Schmidt-Samoa
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Kathleen Williams
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Christiane Anne Weinrich
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Igor Kagan
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany; German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Katrin Bürk
- Kliniken Schmieder Stuttgart-Gerlingen, Solitudestraße 20, Gerlingen 70839, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Klinikstraße 16, Kassel 34128, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Melanie Wilke
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany; German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen 37077, Germany.
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11
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Rikin S, Jia H, Vargas CY, Castellanos de Belliard Y, Reed C, LaRussa P, Larson EL, Saiman L, Stockwell MS. Assessment of temporally-related acute respiratory illness following influenza vaccination. Vaccine 2018. [PMID: 29525279 PMCID: PMC7115556 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated risk of acute respiratory illness post-influenza vaccination. Post-vaccination risk of non-influenza respiratory pathogen was higher in children. Patient perceptions of illness following influenza vaccination may be supported. Assessments of potential mechanisms for findings are needed.
Background A barrier to influenza vaccination is the misperception that the inactivated vaccine can cause influenza. Previous studies have investigated the risk of acute respiratory illness (ARI) after influenza vaccination with conflicting results. We assessed whether there is an increased rate of laboratory-confirmed ARI in post-influenza vaccination periods. Methods We conducted a cohort sub-analysis of children and adults in the MoSAIC community surveillance study from 2013 to 2016. Influenza vaccination was confirmed through city or hospital registries. Cases of ARI were ascertained by twice-weekly text messages to household to identify members with ARI symptoms. Nasal swabs were obtained from ill participants and analyzed for respiratory pathogens using multiplex PCR. The primary outcome measure was the hazard ratio of laboratory-confirmed ARI in individuals post-vaccination compared to other time periods during three influenza seasons. Results Of the 999 participants, 68.8% were children, 30.2% were adults. Each study season, approximately half received influenza vaccine and one third experienced ≥1 ARI. The hazard of influenza in individuals during the 14-day post-vaccination period was similar to unvaccinated individuals during the same period (HR 0.96, 95% CI [0.60, 1.52]). The hazard of non-influenza respiratory pathogens was higher during the same period (HR 1.65, 95% CI [1.14, 2.38]); when stratified by age the hazard remained higher for children (HR 1·71, 95% CI [1.16, 2.53]) but not for adults (HR 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 3.69]). Conclusion Among children there was an increase in the hazard of ARI caused by non-influenza respiratory pathogens post-influenza vaccination compared to unvaccinated children during the same period. Potential mechanisms for this association warrant further investigation. Future research could investigate whether medical decision-making surrounding influenza vaccination may be improved by acknowledging patient experiences, counseling regarding different types of ARI, and correcting the misperception that all ARI occurring after vaccination are caused by influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Rikin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haomiao Jia
- School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Carrie Reed
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Philip LaRussa
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine L Larson
- School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Saiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa S Stockwell
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Most of the neurobehavioral aspects of Parkinson's disease have been well established and studied, but many are not well known, and hardly studied. This article focuses on several behavioral abnormalities that are common, and frequently cause difficulty for the patient and family due to lack of recognition as part of the disease. While it is well known that L-Dopa dyskinesias are frequently not recognized or under appreciated by patients, a similar lack of recognition may affect the patient's own speech volume, where their center of gravity is located, whether they are tilted to one side, and their under-recognition of others' emotional displays. In addition, PD patients are often misperceived by others incorrect impression of their emotional and cognitive state based purely on facial expression. These changes and others are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Friedman
- Butler Hospital, Dept of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
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Helmer SM, Pischke CR, Van Hal G, Vriesacker B, Dempsey RC, Akvardar Y, Guillen-Grima F, Salonna F, Stock C, Zeeb H. Personal and perceived peer use and attitudes towards the use of nonmedical prescription stimulants to improve academic performance among university students in seven European countries. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 168:128-34. [PMID: 27639131 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overestimations of non-prescribed stimulant use of peers are well documented in the USA and have also been identified as predictive of personal stimulant consumption. This study aimed to examine whether overestimations of peer use and approval of the use are associated with personal use and attitude towards the use of non-prescribed stimulants among European university students. METHOD The EU funded 'Social Norms Intervention for the prevention of Polydrug usE (SNIPE)' study was conducted in seven European countries. In a web-based questionnaire, 4482 students were asked about their personal use and their attitude towards non-prescribed stimulant use, as well as the perceived peer use and peer attitude. RESULTS 59% of students thought that the majority of their peers used non-prescribed stimulants more frequently than themselves, and only 4% thought that the use of the majority was lower than their personal use. The perception that the majority of peers had used non-prescribed stimulants at least once was significantly associated with higher odds for personal use of non-prescribed stimulants (OR: 3.30, 95% CI: 2.32-4.71). In addition, the perception that the majority of peers approved of the non-prescribed use of stimulants was associated with a 4.03 (95% CI: 3.35-4.84) times higher likelihood for personal approval. DISCUSSION European university students generally perceived the non-prescribed use of stimulants of peers to be higher than their personal use. This perception, as well as a perception of higher approval in the peer group, was associated with a higher likelihood of personal non-prescribed stimulant medication use and approval.
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Ovadje L, Nriagu J. Multi-dimensional knowledge of malaria among Nigerian caregivers: implications for insecticide-treated net use by children. Malar J 2016; 15:516. [PMID: 27769249 PMCID: PMC5073728 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poor malaria knowledge can negatively impact malaria control programmes. This study evaluates knowledge distribution in the domains of causation, transmission, vulnerability, symptoms, and treatment of malaria. It assesses the association between a caregiver’s knowledge about malaria and ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) by children. Methods Some 1939 caregivers of young children were recruited through a school-based survey in two Nigerian states. A 20-item, multi-dimensional survey instrument was developed and used to rank each caregiver’s knowledge in five dimensions (cause, transmission, vulnerability, symptoms, treatment of malaria). Scores for each domain were used to create an aggregate knowledge score for each caregiver. The outcome measures were ITN ownership, and ITN use the night and week before the study. Regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between caregiver’s knowledge (individual domains and aggregate score) and ownership and use of ITN after controlling for likely confounders. Results The main predictor of ITN use was ITN ownership (r = 0.653; p < 0.001); however, ownership only explains 43 % of variance in net use. Total knowledge index for the study population was significantly associated with both ITN ownership (r = 0.122; p = 0.001) and use (r = 0.095; p = 0.014). The spectrum of caregiver’s knowledge of malaria and its causes captured in the various domains was, however, found to be poor. Fifty percent of the respondents knew that malaria is transmitted by female mosquitoes and 65 % still believe that too much exposure to the sun is a risk factor for malaria. Knowledge of populations most vulnerable to malaria (83 %) and knowledge of malaria transmission (32 %) were the domains with the highest and lowest average correct answers. Conclusions There is a need to improve ITN coverage in Nigeria as ITN ownership was associated with ITN use. Additionally, treating knowledge as a multi-dimensional phenomenon revealed that a lot of misperceptions about malaria still exist. Distribution of ITNs through the public/private sector may need to be augmented with tailored behavioural change communication to dispel myths and improve the multi-dimensional knowledge of malaria in the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauretta Ovadje
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Jerome Nriagu
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Mulawa M, Yamanis TJ, Balvanz P, Kajula LJ, Maman S. Comparing Perceptions with Actual Reports of Close Friend's HIV Testing Behavior Among Urban Tanzanian Men. AIDS Behav 2016; 20:2014-22. [PMID: 26880322 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-016-1335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Men have lower rates of HIV testing and higher rates of AIDS-related mortality compared to women in sub-Saharan Africa. To assess whether there is an opportunity to increase men's uptake of testing by correcting misperceptions about testing norms, we compare men's perceptions of their closest friend's HIV testing behaviors with the friend's actual testing self-report using a unique dataset of men sampled within their social networks (n = 59) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We examine the accuracy and bias of perceptions among men who have tested for HIV (n = 391) and compare them to the perceptions among men who never tested (n = 432). We found that testers and non-testers did not differ in the accuracy of their perceptions, though non-testers were strongly biased towards assuming that their closest friends had not tested. Our results lend support to social norms approaches designed to correct the biased misperceptions of non-testers to promote men's HIV testing.
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