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Patel H, Mssr T, Nandikes G, Pandey N, Bhattacharya D, Pathak P. Techno-environmental analysis to valorize the secondary energy resources from refuse-derived fuel-based waste to energy plant. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:22441-22452. [PMID: 38407705 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The present study quantifies the environmental and sustainability impacts associated with municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in India which plays a vital environmental issue in recent times. The upsurge in population has resulted in massive waste generation, leading to a concerning rise in the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, the sustainable management of MSW has been discussed and highlights the conversion of MSW into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) to identify its potential for generating electricity in waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. The life cycle assessment (LCA) study has been done to identify and compare the environmental impacts associated with different scenarios (SC) as SC1: landfilling without energy recovery, SC2: open burning and SC3: processing of RDF in WtE plant by considering the nine impact categories from the inventory data obtained over a period of 12 consecutive months (Jan 2021-Jan 2022). The results exhibited that the global warming potential caused by emissions of GHG are in the order of SC1 (1188 kg CO2 eq) > SC2 (752 kg CO2 eq) > SC3 (332 kg CO2 eq), respectively from 1 t of MSW. It is concluded that the WtE plant can help in the reduction of environmental issues, strengthening the capacity of electricity generation and improving the aesthetic view of the city which is socially acceptable as well. Thus, WtE technology can help in achieving sustainable development goal 12 to regenerate the sustainable secondary resources for the twenty-first century and minimize global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Patel
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejaswini Mssr
- Resource Management Lab, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, SRM University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India
| | - Gopa Nandikes
- Resource Management Lab, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, SRM University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India
| | - Nidhi Pandey
- Resource Management Lab, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, SRM University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India
| | | | - Pankaj Pathak
- Resource Management Lab, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, SRM University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India.
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Lakhouit A, Shaban M, Alatawi A, Abbas SYH, Asiri E, Al Juhni T, Elsawy M. Machine-learning approaches in geo-environmental engineering: Exploring smart solid waste management. J Environ Manage 2023; 330:117174. [PMID: 36586367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, increased attention has been paid to domestic waste (DW) generation. DW comprises a large percentage of municipal solid waste (MSW), and its handling and processing involves serious technical issues while also consuming a major portion of municipal budgets. The accurate estimation, prediction, and characterization of DW is an ongoing challenge for many cities, municipalities, and local governments as they strive to implement sustainable strategies for MSW. The main objective of the present study is to estimate and correctly predict DW quantities using machine-learning (ML) algorithms. Several different ML algorithms are used in the research, including linear regression, regression trees, Gaussian process regression, support vector machine, and autoregressive integrated moving average methods for time series analysis. Two case studies are presented in this paper. In the first, domestic waste data covering the period from 2010 to 2021 were collected from the Saudi and Bahrain authorities, and in the second, the domestic waste-generating behavior of a family of eleven members was followed for one month. The results show that the biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes generated by the family were in the range of 1.7-7.9 kg and 0.0-2.0 kg, respectively, and promising outcomes were obtained using an appropriate selection of input predictors in conjunction with time series analysis. The trained models are validated and tested using several types of evaluation metrics, including calculated residuals, mean square error, root mean square error, and coefficient determination (R2-Score). The latter values are in the range of 0.67-0.85 for the training and testing datasets for many of the predicted waste quantities. The results obtained from the study show that these algorithms can be used to reduce the environmental, economic, and societal impacts of waste by designing a smart waste management engineering system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Lakhouit
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahmoud Shaban
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt; Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah Alatawi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumaya Y H Abbas
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment College of Graduate Studies Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain
| | - Emad Asiri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Al Juhni
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Elsawy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia; Geotechnical and Foundations Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, 81542, Egypt
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Kim KH, Jin X, Ji A, Aui A, Mba-Wright M, Yoo CJ, Choi JW, Ha JM, Kim CS, Yoo CG, Choi JW. Catalytic conversion of waste corrugated cardboard into lactic acid using lanthanide triflates. Waste Manag 2022; 144:41-48. [PMID: 35306464 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The efficient strategy for waste conversion and resource recovery is of great interest in the sustainable bioeconomy context. This work reports on the catalytic upcycling of waste corrugated cardboard (WCC) into lactic acid using lanthanide triflates catalysts. WCC, a primary contributor to municipal solid wastes, has been viewed as a feedstock for producing a wide range of renewable products. Hydrothermal conversion of WCC was carried out in the presence of several lanthanide triflates. The reaction with erbium(III) triflate (Er(OTf)3) and ytterbium(III) triflate (Yb(OTf)3) resulted in high lactic acid yields, 65.5 and 64.3 mol%, respectively. In addition, various monomeric phenols were readily obtained as a co-product stream, opening up opportunities in waste management and resource recovery. Finally, technoeconomic analysis was conducted based on the experimental results, which suggests a significant economic benefit of chemocatalytic upcycling of WCC into lactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Xuanjun Jin
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Anqi Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Alvina Aui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mark Mba-Wright
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Choi
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Joon Weon Choi
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
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Gujre N, Rangan L, Mitra S. Occurrence, geochemical fraction, ecological and health risk assessment of cadmium, copper and nickel in soils contaminated with municipal solid wastes. Chemosphere 2021; 271:129573. [PMID: 33460891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Unscientific municipal solid waste (MSW) dumping provokes heavy metal (HM) associated ecological and human health hazards through heightened bioavailability and bioaccumulation. In this study, we focused on three important HMs Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) and their geochemical fractions, to enable clutter free data management, analysis and interpretation. Stratified random soil sampling was carried out from twenty different locations around a Ramsar site (Deepor Beel) in Guwahati, India. The spatial concentration profiles of Cd, Cu and Ni were determined by data elicited from geochemical fractionation and the Geographic Information System (GIS). Ecological and health risks indices were used to evaluate the severity of soil pollution and assess the level of health risks. All the three HMs thus evaluated, conformed to the potential bioavailable category. Cd (54.59%) was associated mostly with the carbonate bound fraction (F3), while 25.53% of Cu and 40.60% Ni were associated with the exchangeable fraction (F2). Significant contamination levels and higher ecological risks posed by these metals were in the order Cd > Ni > Cu. Children were found to be more vulnerable towards Cd associated health risks whereas, Ni posed threats to both adults and children. Cu posed no risk to human health. Geochemical fractionation and different indices played a critical role in the integrated assessment of soil pollution, ecological and health risk assessment, and provided an empirical basis for the sustainable future planning and comprehensive adaptive management practices for MSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Gujre
- Agro-ecotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Assam, 781039, India
| | - Latha Rangan
- Agro-ecotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Assam, 781039, India; Applied Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Assam-781039, India
| | - Sudip Mitra
- Agro-ecotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Assam, 781039, India.
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Velusamy M, Speier CJ, Michealammal BRP, Shrivastava R, Rajan B, Weichgrebe D, Venkatachalam SS. Bio-reserves inventory-improving substrate management for anaerobic waste treatment in a fast-growing Indian urban city, Chennai. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:29749-29765. [PMID: 31865569 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
India is one among the Asia's newly industrialized countries, in which urban centres generate large amount of municipal solid wastes due to the rapid urbanization. To demonstrate urban waste potentials for biogas production by anaerobic digestion, a comprehensive analysis on the availability of organic waste hotspots and its biogas potential for the exemplary case of Chennai, India, was undertaken. The identified hotspots and their biogas potential were plotted with Geographical Information System as thematic maps. The results of biogas potential tests revealed strong variations in the biogas potentials of individual waste streams from 240.2 to 514.2 mLN/g oDM (organic dry matter) with oDM reduction in the range of 36.4-61.5 wt.-%. Major waste generation hotspots were identified from the surveyed urban bio-reserves and the biogas potentials within an effective area of 5 km radius surrounding the hotspot were estimated. It was found that the biogas potential of individual hotspots ranged between 38.0-5938.7 m3/day. Further results revealed that the biogas potential during anaerobic co-digestion, by considering nearby bio-reserves in the effective areas of major hotspots, with and without residential organic waste, ranged between 4110.4-18-106.1 m3/day and 253.2-5969.5 m3/day, originating from 144.0-620.0 tons and 3.1-170.5 tons, respectively. Despite variations in the composition of the wastes, the Carbon/Nitrogen ratio, oDM reduction, biogas production and substrate availability were improved during co-digestion of nearby bio-reserves within the major hotspots, thereby improving the prevailing barriers in substrate management during anaerobic digestion of wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhiarasi Velusamy
- Environmental Science & Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Christopher Josef Speier
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management (ISAH), Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Runal Shrivastava
- Environmental Science & Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Balakumar Rajan
- Environmental Science & Engineering Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, 600020, India
| | - Dirk Weichgrebe
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Waste Management (ISAH), Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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Batur ME, Cihan A, Korucu MK, Bektaş N, Keskinler B. A mixed integer linear programming model for long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems: Against restricted mass balances. Waste Manag 2020; 105:211-222. [PMID: 32087539 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems is a complex decision making problem which includes a large number of decision layers. Since all different waste treatment and disposal processes will show different responses to each municipal solid waste component, it is necessary to separately evaluate all waste components for all processes. This obligation creates an obstacle in the programming of mass balances for long-term planning of municipal solid waste management systems. The development of an ideal mixed integer linear programming model that can simultaneously respond to all essential decision layers including waste collection, process selection, waste allocation, transportation, location selection, and capacity assessment has not been made possible yet due to this important modeling obstacle. According to the current knowledge of the literature, all mixed integer linear programming studies aiming to address this obstacle so far have had to restrict many different possibilities in their mass balances. In this study, a novel mixed integer linear programming model was formulated. ALOMWASTE, the new model structure developed in this study, was built to take into consideration different process, capacity, and location possibilities that may occur in complex waste management processes at the same time. The results obtained from a case study showed the feasibility of new mixed integer linear programming model obtained in this study for the simultaneous solution of all essential decision layers in an unrestricted mass balance. The model is also able to provide significant convenience for the multi-objective optimization of financial-environmental-social costs and the solution of some uncertainty problems of decision-making tools such as life cycle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliki Ejder Batur
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cihan
- Duzce University, Department of Industrial Engineering, 81620 Duzce, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Kemal Korucu
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 16310 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Nihal Bektaş
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bülent Keskinler
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
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Babaei A, Shayegan J. Effects of temperature and mixing modes on the performance of municipal solid waste anaerobic slurry digester. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2019; 17:1077-1084. [PMID: 32030176 PMCID: PMC6985316 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-019-00422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaerobic digestion is a promising technology for simultaneous treatment of biodegradable organic matter of municipal solid waste (MSW) and production of renewable energy. Mixing modes and temperature have influences on biogas production in anaerobic digesters treating MSW. Therefore, in this study, digester was operated at different modes of mixing and temperatures to obtain design criteria. METHODS The experiments were carried out in a semi-continuous digester. In the first part of the investigation, temperature was set at 25, 28, 31 and 34 °C. During this step, digester content was mixed in an intermittent mode by mechanical mixers. In the second part of the study, mixing condition of the digester was set at various modes: continuous, intermittent (15 min on and 30 min off) and minimal (twice in a batch). RESULTS Digestion with a temperature in this range resulted in biogas yield of 0.23-0.33 m3 biogas/kg VS, with a methane content of 60.2-71.8% in biogas. The methane content and yield decreased with reduction of digestion temperature. However, this reduction was almost negligible from 34 to 31 °C. In addition, in comparison to intermittent mixing, continuous and minimal mixing modes reduced the biogas production by 40% and 50%, respectively. Therefore, in this digester greatest biogas yield of 0.33 ± 0.02 m3 biogas/kg VS were obtained at 34 °C and intermittent mixing mode. CONCLUSIONS Based on the data obtained from this study, temperature in the range of 31-34 °C and intermittent mixing is suggested as a base for design purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Babaei
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Shayegan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Chelinho S, Pereira C, Breitenbach P, Baretta D, Sousa JP. Quality standards for urban waste composts: The need for biological effect data. Sci Total Environ 2019; 694:133602. [PMID: 31382175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The recently approved European Union (EU) Circular Economy Package intends to boost the production of fertilizing products, such as composts obtained from urban wastes (UWC) and the harmonization of their quality standards (certification), to avoid market rejection. UWC quality assessment frameworks in Europe, including the Portuguese and EU latest proposal on regulation of UWC production/commercialization are mostly based on physical-chemical and agronomical characterization. These do not provide any insight on the fraction of contaminant/mixture of contaminants bioavailable for non-target organisms, nor the existence of potential antagonistic and/or synergistic effects on them. The main objective of the present work if to evaluate the effects of UWC application on crop soils using seven standard ecotoxicological tests. Five UWC, two derived from source-separated organic wastes and three from mixed urban wastes were selected and tested using a battery of ISO guideline assays with plants and soil invertebrates. The tested doses intended to simulate over-use and repeated application scenarios, common practices among farmers. The results showed that the highest toxicity was observed for the UWC originated from source-separated organic wastes, when using concentrations slightly above the maximum annual doses. Excepting for this UWC, all the derived NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) were equal or higher than the maximum annual doses. The UWC toxicity for the tested species increased as follows: T. aestivum < L. sativa < E. crypticus < F. candida < E. andrei. UWC salinity, rather than the content of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), could explain the negative effects observed, considering that the composts are all equally stabilized. These results reinforce the need to include data from biological susceptibility of the receptors at risk on the existing regulation, to obtain a more realistic view of the potential risks and to adapt the UWC application practices, ultimately boosting the confidence of target-consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Chelinho
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carla Pereira
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrik Breitenbach
- Department of Animal Science and Graduate Program of Animal Science, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC Oeste), Chapecó, Brazil
| | - Dilmar Baretta
- Department of Animal Science and Graduate Program of Animal Science, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC Oeste), Chapecó, Brazil.
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Department of Animal Science and Graduate Program of Animal Science, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC Oeste), Chapecó, Brazil.
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Chen L, Liao Y, Ma X. Heavy metals volatilization characteristics and risk evaluation of co-combusted municipal solid wastes and sewage sludge without and with calcium-based sorbents. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 182:109370. [PMID: 31254859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals, especially gaseous heavy metals, have high toxicity and do harm to human. Heavy metal volatilization characteristics of co-combusted municipal solid wastes (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) from different mass fraction of MSW and SS, different temperature and different O2 concentration atmosphere was investigated. Performance of calcium-based sorbents was also studied. Volatilization efficiency of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in MSW was 100%, 45.89%-66.58%, 75.62%-92.45%, 42.33%-65.70%, 39.25%-68.76% and 53.57%-84.62%, and that in SS was 28.37%-40.75%, 33.78%-43.42%, 46.08%-56.69%, 35.04%-51.52%, 18.54%-44.99% and 14.72%-48.88%. Volatilization efficiency of heavy metals increased as mass fraction of SS in a blend decreased and as temperature increased. Volatilization efficiency of all heavy metals examined decreased as O2 concentration increased at high temperature and that of Cu, Pb and Zn increased as O2 concentration increased at low temperature. CaO, Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 declined the volatilization of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn, while enhanced that of Pb. With calcium-based sorbents, volatilization efficiency of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn decreased from 70.06%, 39.91%, 75.52%, 44.08% and 40.10% to 54.24%, 33.73%, 39.98%, 20.56% and 32.06%, while that of Pb increased from 47.23% to 100%. Fitting formula was set to predict the heavy metals volatilization, and risk evaluation of gaseous heavy metals was exhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Chen
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfen Liao
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640, Guangzhou, China
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Maqhuzu AB, Yoshikawa K, Takahashi F. The effect of coal alternative fuel from municipal solid wastes employing hydrothermal carbonization on atmospheric pollutant emissions in Zimbabwe. Sci Total Environ 2019; 668:743-759. [PMID: 30865905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The vast increase of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Zimbabwe coupled with a severe energy crisis have made waste-to-energy technology more attractive and necessary. Coal-alternative solid fuel production from MSW though hydrothermal carbonization can play a critical role to improve both waste management and energy supply. Moreover, MSW conversion to a carbon neutral solid fuel that can be burnt in existing coal-fired power stations might reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions despite GHG releases from waste collection, waste conversion to fuel, and fuel transportation processes. The purpose of this paper is to investigate present MSW generation in Zimbabwe, its characteristics as a fuel source, and the impact of coal-alternative solid fuel production from MSW using hydrothermal carbonization technology on GHG and other air pollutant emissions. Four different scenarios based on the balance between fuel supply and demand were tested in this paper. The results suggest 0.54 ± 0.14 kg/capita/day of MSW generation in Zimbabwe and about 1051.7 ± 270.7 Gg of annual MSW generation from the current urban population. 289.3 Gg of coal-alternative solid fuel production was expected from domestic MSW collectable in urban areas. The model predicted that co-burning of alternative fuel in coal-fired power plants could reduce the methane potential of household waste from 62,200 to 15,800 Mg CH4 per year. Under the best possible scenario, it could reduce SOx emissions by 4.2%, CH4 emissions by 4.5%, CO2 emissions by 3.1%, and Global Warming Potential by 2.2%. On the other hand, NOx emissions would increase by 18%. If without additional installation of air pollutant control devices in power plants, waste-to-energy generates a trade-off between global warming and acid rain. In addition, geological locations generate a large demand/supply gap of alternative fuel and regulate maximum available consumption of alternative fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andile B Maqhuzu
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Technology, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8703, Japan
| | - Kunio Yoshikawa
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Technology, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8703, Japan
| | - Fumitake Takahashi
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Technology, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8703, Japan.
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Iqbal A, Hakim A, Hossain MS, Rahman MR, Islam K, Azim MF, Ahmed J, Assaduzzaman M, Hoq MM, Azad AK. Partial purification and characterization of serine protease produced through fermentation of organic municipal solid wastes by Serratia marcescens A3 and Pseudomonas putida A2. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:29-37. [PMID: 30647701 PMCID: PMC6296650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic bacteria isolated from municipal solid wastes (MSW) were identified as Serratia marcescens A3 and Pseudomonas putida A2 based on 16S rDNA sequencing. Protease produced through fermentation of organic MSW by these bacteria under some optimized physicochemical parameters was partially purified and characterized. The estimated molecular mass of the partially purified protease from S. marcescens and P. putida was approximately 25 and 38 kDa, respectively. Protease from both sources showed low Km 0.3 and 0.5 mg ml-1 and high Vmax 333 and 500 µmole min-1 at 40 °C, and thermodynamics analysis suggested formation of ordered enzyme-substrate (E-S) complexes. The activation energy (Ea) and temperature quotient (Q10) of protease from S. marcescens and P. putida were 16.2 and 19.9 kJ/mol, and 1.4 and 1.3 at temperature range from 20 to 40 °C, respectively. Protease of the both bacterial isolates was serine and cysteine type. The protease retained approximately 97% of activity in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. It was observed that the purified protease of S. marcescens could remove blood stains from white cotton cloth and degrade chicken flesh remarkably. Our study revealed that organic MSW can be used as raw materials for bacterial protease production and the protease produced by S. marcescens A3 might be potential for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Iqbal
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Al Hakim
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Saddam Hossain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rejaur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Faisal Azim
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jahed Ahmed
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Assaduzzaman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mozammel Hoq
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
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12
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Chen YW, Lee HV. Revalorization of selected municipal solid wastes as new precursors of "green" nanocellulose via a novel one-pot isolation system: A source perspective. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:78-92. [PMID: 28860064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, four types of newly chosen municipal solid wastes (Panax ginseng, spent tea residue, waste cotton cloth, and old corrugated cardboard) were studied as the promising sources for nanocellulose, which has efficiently re-engineered the structure of waste products into highly valuable nanocellulose materials. The nanocellulose was produced directly via a facile one-pot oxidative hydrolysis process by using H2O2/Cr(NO3)3 solution as the bleaching agent and hydrolysis medium under acidic condition. The isolated nanocellulose products were well-characterized in terms of chemical composition, product yield, morphological structure and thermal properties. The study has found that the crystallinity index of the obtained nanocellulose products were significantly higher (62.2-83.6%) than that of its starting material due to the successive elimination of lignin, hemicellulose and amorphous regions of cellulose, which were in good agreement with the FTIR analysis. The evidence of the successful production of nanocellulose was given by TEM observation which has revealed the fibril widths were ranging from 15.6 to 46.2nm, with high cellulose content (>90%), depending on the cellulosic origin. The physicochemical properties of processed samples have confirmed that the isolation of high purity nanocellulose materials from different daily spent products is possible. The comparative study can help to provide a deep insight on the possibility of revalorizing the municipal solid wastes into nanocellulose via the simple and versatile one-pot isolation system, which has high potential to be used in commercial applications for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Wei Chen
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hwei Voon Lee
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Korucu MK, Kaplan Ö, Büyük O, Güllü MK. An investigation of the usability of sound recognition for source separation of packaging wastes in reverse vending machines. Waste Manag 2016; 56:46-52. [PMID: 27378630 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the usability of sound recognition for source separation of packaging wastes in reverse vending machines (RVMs). For this purpose, an experimental setup equipped with a sound recording mechanism was prepared. Packaging waste sounds generated by three physical impacts such as free falling, pneumatic hitting and hydraulic crushing were separately recorded using two different microphones. To classify the waste types and sizes based on sound features of the wastes, a support vector machine (SVM) and a hidden Markov model (HMM) based sound classification systems were developed. In the basic experimental setup in which only free falling impact type was considered, SVM and HMM systems provided 100% classification accuracy for both microphones. In the expanded experimental setup which includes all three impact types, material type classification accuracies were 96.5% for dynamic microphone and 97.7% for condenser microphone. When both the material type and the size of the wastes were classified, the accuracy was 88.6% for the microphones. The modeling studies indicated that hydraulic crushing impact type recordings were very noisy for an effective sound recognition application. In the detailed analysis of the recognition errors, it was observed that most of the errors occurred in the hitting impact type. According to the experimental results, it can be said that the proposed novel approach for the separation of packaging wastes could provide a high classification performance for RVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kemal Korucu
- Kocaeli University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Özgür Kaplan
- Kocaeli University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Osman Büyük
- Kocaeli University, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - M Kemal Güllü
- Kocaeli University, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey
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14
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Evangelou A, Gerassimidou S, Mavrakis N, Komilis D. Monitoring the performances of a real scale municipal solid waste composting and a biodrying facility using respiration activity indices. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:302. [PMID: 27098520 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective of the work was to monitor two full-scale commingled municipal solid waste (MSW) mechanical and biological pretreatment (MBT) facilities in Greece, namely a biodrying and a composting facility. Monitoring data from a 1.5-year sampling period is presented, whilst microbial respiration indices were used to monitor the decomposition process and the stability status of the wastes in both facilities during the process. Results showed that in the composting facility, the organic matter reduced by 35 % after 8 weeks of combined composting/curing. Material exiting the biocells had a moisture content of less than 30 % (wb) indicating a moisture limitation during the active composting process. The static respiration indexes indicated that some stabilization occurred during the process, but the final material could not be characterized as stable compost. In the biodrying facility, the initial and final moisture contents were 50 % and less than 20 % wb, respectively, and the biodrying index was equal to 4.1 indicating effective biodrying. Lower heating values at the inlet and outlet were approximately 5.5 and 10 MJ/wet kg, respectively. The organic matter was reduced by 20 % during the process and specifically from a range of 63-77 % dw (inlet) to a range of 61-70 % dw. A significant respiration activity reduction was observed for some of the biodrying samples. A statistically significant correlation among all three respiration activity indices was recorded, with the two oxygen related activity indices (CRI7 and SRI24) observing the highest correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Evangelou
- Laboratory of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, 671 32, Greece
| | - Spyridoula Gerassimidou
- Laboratory of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, 671 32, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Komilis
- Laboratory of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, 671 32, Greece.
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15
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Cardinali-Rezende J, Rojas-Ojeda P, Nascimento AMA, Sanz JL. Proteolytic bacterial dominance in a full-scale municipal solid waste anaerobic reactor assessed by 454 pyrosequencing technology. Chemosphere 2016; 146:519-525. [PMID: 26741558 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomethanization entails a good means to reduce the organic fraction (OF) derived from municipal solid wastes (MSW). The bacterial diversity of a full scale MSW anaerobic reactor located in Madrid (Spain) was investigated using high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing. Even though the proteolytic bacteria prevailed throughout all of the process, community shifts were observed from the start-up to the steady-state conditions, with an increasing biodiversity displayed over time. The Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes were the majority phyla: 55.1 and 40.2% (start-up) and 18.7 and 78.7 (steady-state) of the total reads. The system's lack of evenness remains noteworthy as the sequences affiliated to the proteolytic non-saccharolytic Proteiniphylum, Gallicola and Fastidiosipila genera, together with the saccharolytic Saccharofermentans, were predominant on the system and this predominance appears to correlate with the presence of a high ammonium concentration. The 454 pyrosequencing revealed a great diversity of rare organisms which seemingly do not sustain any metabolic roles in the course of the OF-MSW degradation. However, this scarce and unique microbiota can confer great resilience to the system as a buffer against nutritional and environmental changing conditions, thus opening the door to increase the current knowledge about the bacterial community dynamics taking place during MSW treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cardinali-Rezende
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Darwin 2, Madrid 28049, Spain; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rojas-Ojeda
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Darwin 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Andréa M A Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - José L Sanz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Darwin 2, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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16
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Xiao Y, He P, Cheng W, Liu J, Shan W, Song H. Converting solid wastes into liquid fuel using a novel methanolysis process. Waste Manag 2016; 49:304-310. [PMID: 26739453 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomass fast pyrolysis followed by hydrodeoxygenation upgrading is the most popular way to produce upgraded bio-oil from biomass. This process requires large quantities of expensive hydrogen and operates under high pressure condition (70-140 atm). Therefore, a novel methanolysis (i.e., biomass pyrolysis under methane environment) process is developed in this study, which is effective in upgraded bio-oil formation at atmospheric pressure and at about 400-600°C. Instead of using pure methane, simulated biogas (60% CH4+40% CO2) was used to test the feasibility of this novel methanolysis process for the conversion of different solid wastes. The bio-oil obtained from canola straw is slightly less than that from sawdust in term of quantity, but the oil quality from canola straw is better in terms of lower acidity, lower Bromine Number, higher H/C atomic ratio and lower O/C atomic ratio. The municipal solid waste and newspaper can also obtain relatively high oil yields, but the oil qualities of them are both lower than those from sawdust and canola straw. Compared with catalysts of 5%Zn/ZSM-5 and 1%Ag/ZSM-5, the 5%Zn-1%Ag/ZSM-5 catalyst performed much better in terms of upgraded bio-oil yield as well as oil quality. During the methanolysis process, the metal silver may be used to reduce the total acid number of the oil while the metal zinc might act to decrease the bromine number of the oil. The highly dispersed Zn and Ag species on/in the catalyst benefit the achievement of better upgrading performance and make it be a very promising catalyst for bio-oil upgrading by biogas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Peng He
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Liu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Wenpo Shan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hua Song
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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17
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Sajeena Beevi B, Madhu G, Sahoo DK. Performance and kinetic study of semi-dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Waste Manag 2015; 36:93-97. [PMID: 25449607 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is promoted as an energy source and waste disposal. In this study semi dry anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes was conducted for 45 days in a lab-scale batch experiment for total solid concentration of 100g/L for investigating the start-up performances under thermophilic condition (50 °C). The performance of the reactor was evaluated by measuring the daily biogas production and calculating the degradation of total solids and the total volatile solids. The biogas yield at the end of the digestion was 52.9L/kg VS (volatile solid) for the total solid (TS) concentration of 100g/L. About 66.7% of the volatile solid degradation was obtained during the digestion. A first order model based on the availability of substrate as the limiting factor was used to perform the kinetic studies of batch anaerobic digestion system. The value of reaction rate constant, k, obtained was 0.0249 day(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sajeena Beevi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala 680 009, India.
| | - G Madhu
- Division of Safety & Fire Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala 682 022, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar Sahoo
- Division of Safety & Fire Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala 682 022, India.
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18
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Jin H, Capareda S, Chang Z, Gao J, Xu Y, Zhang J. Biochar pyrolytically produced from municipal solid wastes for aqueous As(V) removal: adsorption property and its improvement with KOH activation. Bioresour Technol 2014; 169:622-629. [PMID: 25103038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biochar converted from waste products is being considered as an alternative adsorbent for removal of aqueous heavy metal(loid)s. In this work, experimental and modeling investigations were conducted to examine the effect of biochars pyrolytically produced from municipal solid wastes on removing aqueous As(V) before and after activated by 2M KOH solution. Results showed that the highest adsorption capacity of pristine biochars was 24.49 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model can preferably describe the adsorption process. The activated biochar showed enhanced As(V) adsorption ability with an adsorption capacity of 30.98 mg/g, which was more than 1.3 times of pristine biochars, and 2-10 times of modified biochars reported by other literatures. Increase of surface area and changes of porous texture, especially the functional groups on the surface of activated biochars are the major contributors to its more efficient adsorption of As(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Jin
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Agricultural Waste Treatment and Recycle Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
| | - Sergio Capareda
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
| | - Zhizhou Chang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Agricultural Waste Treatment and Recycle Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, PR China.
| | - Jun Gao
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Yueding Xu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Agricultural Waste Treatment and Recycle Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Agricultural Waste Treatment and Recycle Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, PR China
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19
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Komilis D, Kissas K, Symeonidis A. Effect of organic matter and moisture on the calorific value of solid wastes: an update of the Tanner diagram. Waste Manag 2014; 34:249-255. [PMID: 24135625 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective of the work was to experimentally determine the effect of the organic matter and moisture contents on the calorific value of organic solid wastes. Nine substrates (i.e. newsprint, biodried municipal solid wastes, municipal solid waste derived composts, wastewater sludges, and sea weed derived compost), with organic matter contents that ranged from 12% to 91% (dry weight) were used in the experiments. All substrates were dried and ground and deionized water was artificially added in order to achieve certain target moisture contents per substrate. The higher heating value (HHV) was, then, determined experimentally for each sample using a bomb calorimeter. Best reduced models were developed to describe the higher and lower heating values as a function of organic matter, ash and moisture contents. A triangular plot was constructed and the self-combustion area was determined and compared to that of the Tanner diagram. Response surfaces were drawn to visually assess the effect of organic matter and moisture contents on the calorific value of the wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Komilis
- Laboratory of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi 671 00, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Kissas
- Laboratory of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi 671 00, Greece
| | - Avraam Symeonidis
- Laboratory of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi 671 00, Greece
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Vavouraki AI, Volioti V, Kornaros ME. Optimization of thermo-chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of kitchen wastes. Waste Manag 2014; 34:167-173. [PMID: 24176238 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of abundant waste materials with high carbohydrate content may contribute substantially to reduction of biofuels production cost. The present study aimed at optimizing the combined effect of thermo-chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of kitchen wastes (KW) for maximizing the production of fermentable soluble sugars. To this end, acid pretreatment of KW samples was performed with hydrochloric acid (0-3% HCl) at 30-100 °C for 0-120 min treatment time. Alternatively, alkaline pretreatment of KW samples was performed with potassium hydroxide solution (0-11%) at constant temperature and time (0 °C and 20 min, respectively). KOH pretreatment at such conditions targets to degrade the resistant starch of KW samples. Both acid and alkaline pretreatments were followed by addition of variable levels of enzyme dosage (0-3.6% v/v α-amylase and 0-3.2% v/v amyloglucosidase-AMG) at constant pH, temperature and time (pH = 5, T = 50 °C and t = 30 min, respectively). Based on our results, glucose concentration increased by ~300% after pretreatment with either acid or KOH in combination with enzymatic hydrolysis (2% HCl, 85 °C, 80 min, 0.1% α-amylase, AMG, and 1% KOH, 0 °C, 20 min, 1.1% α-amylase, 0.4% AMG) compared to raw (untreated) KW. Estimating the different YG yields at KW loading of 5%, an increase of 192% and 121% for total soluble monosugars and total soluble sugars, respectively, was succeeded compared to untreated KW. The effect of solids loading on the obtained sugar yields using the optimum conditions for thermo-chemical pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis was also tested resulting to 27.5% increase of the soluble glucose yield when half of the solids loading (2.5%) was used. A decrease of total soluble sugars yield by 32.2% was observed when solely acid hydrolysis at optimum conditions from our previous study was applied at 30% solids loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini I Vavouraki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 1 Karatheodori Str., University Campus, 26500 Patras, Greece
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Economopoulou MA, Economopoulou AA, Economopoulos AP. A methodology for optimal MSW management, with an application in the waste transportation of Attica Region, Greece. Waste Manag 2013; 33:2177-2187. [PMID: 23871734 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes a software system capable of formulating alternative optimal Municipal Solid Wastes (MSWs) management plans, each of which meets a set of constraints that may reflect selected objections and/or wishes of local communities. The objective function to be minimized in each plan is the sum of the annualized capital investment and annual operating cost of all transportation, treatment and final disposal operations involved, taking into consideration the possible income from the sale of products and any other financial incentives or disincentives that may exist. For each plan formulated, the system generates several reports that define the plan, analyze its cost elements and yield an indicative profile of selected types of installations, as well as data files that facilitate the geographic representation of the optimal solution in maps through the use of GIS. A number of these reports compare the technical and economic data from all scenarios considered at the study area, municipality and installation level constituting in effect sensitivity analysis. The generation of alternative plans offers local authorities the opportunity of choice and the results of the sensitivity analysis allow them to choose wisely and with consensus. The paper presents also an application of this software system in the capital Region of Attica in Greece, for the purpose of developing an optimal waste transportation system in line with its approved waste management plan. The formulated plan was able to: (a) serve 113 Municipalities and Communities that generate nearly 2 milliont/y of comingled MSW with distinctly different waste collection patterns, (b) take into consideration several existing waste transfer stations (WTS) and optimize their use within the overall plan, (c) select the most appropriate sites among the potentially suitable (new and in use) ones, (d) generate the optimal profile of each WTS proposed, and (e) perform sensitivity analysis so as to define the impact of selected sets of constraints (limitations in the availability of sites and in the capacity of their installations) on the design and cost of the ensuing optimal waste transfer system. The results show that optimal planning offers significant economic savings to municipalities, while reducing at the same time the present levels of traffic, fuel consumptions and air emissions in the congested Athens basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Economopoulou
- Hellenic Statistical Authority, Pireos 46 & Eponiton, Pireus 185 10, Greece
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