1
|
Lauber B, König D, Gollhofer A, Centner C. Isometric blood flow restriction exercise: acute physiological and neuromuscular responses. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:12. [PMID: 33579336 PMCID: PMC7881598 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have demonstrated that the addition of blood flow restriction (BFR) to low-load (LL) resistance exercise leads to elevated levels of muscle hypertrophy and strength gains. In terms of main underlying mechanisms, metabolic accumulation and increased neuromuscular adaptations seem to play a primary role. However, this evidence is largely based on dynamic exercise conditions. Therefore, the main objective was to investigate the acute physiological adaptations following isometric LL-BFR exercise. Methods Fifteen males participated in this cross-over trial and completed the following sessions in a random and counterbalanced order: isometric LL-BFR exercise (20% maximum voluntary contraction, MVC) and load matched LL exercise without BFR. Lactate levels, muscle activation as well as muscle swelling were recorded during the whole exercise and until 15 min post completion. Additionally, changes in maximal voluntary torque and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored. Results During exercise, EMG amplitudes (72.5 ± 12.7% vs. 46.3 ± 6.7% of maximal EMG activity), muscle swelling and RPE were significantly higher during LL-BFR compared to LL (p < 0.05). Lactate levels did not show significant group differences during exercise but revealed higher increases 15 min after completion in the LL-BFR condition (LL-BFR: + 69%, LL: + 22%) (p < 0.05). Additionally, MVC torque significantly decreased immediately post exercise only in LL-BFR (~ − 11%) (p < 0.05) but recovered after 15 min. Conclusions The present results demonstrate that isometric LL-BFR causes increased metabolic, neuromuscular as well as perceptual responses compared to LL alone. These adaptations are similar to dynamic exercise and therefore LL-BFR represents a valuable type of exercise where large joint movements are contraindicated (e.g. rehabilitation after orthopedic injuries).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Lauber
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany. .,Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Righetti MA, Taube OLS, Palinkas M, Gonçalves LMN, Esposto DS, de Mello EC, Regalo IH, Regalo SCH, Siéssere S. Osteoarthrosis: Analyze of the Molar Bite Force, Thickness and Masticatory Efficiency. Prague Med Rep 2020; 121:87-95. [PMID: 32553092 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2020.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthrosis is a disorder of synovial joints, resulting from destruction of the cartilage and subchondral bone. The present study is aimed to investigate the molar bite force, thickness and efficiency of the masseter and temporalis muscles of subjects with osteoarthrosis. A total of forty-eight subjects participated in the study. They were distributed into two groups: with osteoarthrosis (n=24) and asymptomatic controls (n=24). Subjects were analyzed on the basis of maximal molar bite force (right and left side), thickness (mandibular rest and dental clenching in maximal voluntary contraction) and electromyographic activity of masticatory cycles through the linear envelope integral in habitual (raisins and peanuts) and non-habitual (Parafilm M) chewing of the masseter and temporalis muscles. All the data were analyzed statistically using t-test with a significance level of p≤0.05. There was no difference between groups in maximal molar bite force, muscle thickness and non-habitual chewing. Differences were found on the raisins (p=0.02) and peanuts (p=0.05) chewing for right temporal muscle, with reduced masticatory muscle efficiency in osteoarthrosis subjects. This study showed that osteoarthrosis induces negative changes in habitual chewing, highlighting the efficiency of the right temporalis muscles. The greater temporal muscle activity in subjects with osteoarthrosis may compromise chewing and consequently the nutritional status of adult subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Palinkas
- Anhanguera Faculty, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. .,National Institute and Technology - Translational Medicine (INCT.TM), São Paulo, Brazil. .,School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Simone Cecilio Hallak Regalo
- National Institute and Technology - Translational Medicine (INCT.TM), São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Selma Siéssere
- National Institute and Technology - Translational Medicine (INCT.TM), São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bannwart M, Rohland E, Easthope CA, Rauter G, Bolliger M. Robotic body weight support enables safe stair negotiation in compliance with basic locomotor principles. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:157. [PMID: 31870393 PMCID: PMC6929285 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a neurological injury, mobility focused rehabilitation programs intensively train walking on treadmills or overground. However, after discharge, quite a few patients are not able to independently negotiate stairs, a real-world task with high physical and psychological demands and a high injury risk. To decrease fall risk and improve patients' capacity to navigate typical environments, early stair negotiation training can help restore competence and confidence in safe stair negotiation. One way to enable early training in a safe and permissive environment is to unload the patient with a body weight support system. We here investigated if unloaded stair negotiation complies with basic locomotor principles, in terms of enabling performance of a physiological movement pattern with minimal compensation. METHODS Seventeen able-bodied participants were unloaded with 0-50% bodyweight during self-paced ascent and descent of a 4-tread staircase. Spatio-temporal parameters, joint ranges of motion, ground reaction forces and myoelectric activity in the main lower limb muscles of participants were compared between unloading levels. Likelihood ratio tests of separated linear mixed models of the investigated outcomes assessed if unloading affects the parameters in general. Subsequent post-hoc testing revealed which levels of unloading differed from unsupported stair negotiation. RESULTS Unloading affected walking velocity, joint ranges of motion, vertical ground reaction force parameters and myoelectric activity in all investigated muscles for stair ascent and descent while step width and single support duration were only affected during ascent. A reduction with increasing levels of body weight support was seen in walking velocity (0.07-0.12 m/s), ranges of motion of the knee and hip (2-10°), vertical ground reaction force peaks (10-70%) and myoelectric activity (17-70%). An increase with unloading was only seen during ascent for ankle range of motion and tibialis anterior activity at substantial unloading. CONCLUSIONS Body weight support facilitates stair negotiation by providing safety and support against gravity. Although unloading effects are present in most parameters, up to 30% body weight support these changes are small, and no dysfunctional patterns are introduced. Body weight support therefore fulfills all the necessary requirements for early stair negotiation training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bannwart
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Sensory Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E. Rohland
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. A. Easthope
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Cereneo Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - G. Rauter
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- Sensory Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- BIROMED-Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, CH-4123 Basel, Allschwil Switzerland
| | - M. Bolliger
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Centner C, Ritzmann R, Schur S, Gollhofer A, König D. Blood flow restriction increases myoelectric activity and metabolic accumulation during whole-body vibration. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1439-1449. [PMID: 30949807 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Whole-body vibration (WBV) training is frequently applied in sports and rehabilitation with the aim of inducing beneficial functional and structural adaptations. In the past decades, blood flow restriction (BFR) training has received increasing attention by enhancing the effectiveness of several low-load exercise regimens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the additional effect of BFR on myoelectric activity and metabolic accumulation during WBV training. METHODS Fifteen active men performed three sessions in a counterbalanced order on three different days: whole-body vibration exercise (WBV), whole-body vibration exercise with blood flow restriction (WBV + BFR), and a control session (CON) with neither WBV nor BFR. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured in six lower limb muscles throughout each exercise session; lactate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations were determined prior to, immediately after and 15 min after the exercise sessions. RESULTS EMG amplitudes increased from CON (29 ± 13% MVC) to WBV (45 ± 20% MVC) to WBV + BFR (71 ± 37% MVC) conditions (p < 0.05). Likewise, lactate concentrations increased in a similar manner, demonstrating significantly higher increases in the WBV + BFR session compared to WBV and CON. Furthermore, significant correlations between lactate concentration and EMG amplitude were detected. ROS concentration did not change significantly between the conditions. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study emphasize that the addition of BFR increases the acute effects beyond WBV treatment alone which becomes manifested in both neuromuscular and metabolic adaptations. Further research is needed to identify potential long-term effects of the combination of these two training regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ramona Ritzmann
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Schur
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel König
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rong ZH, Chen HY, Wang XX, Wang ZY, Xian GZ, Ma BZ, Qin CK, Zhang ZH. Effects of sphincter of Oddi motility on the formation of cholesterol gallstones. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5540-5547. [PMID: 27350732 PMCID: PMC4917614 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i24.5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the mechanisms and effects of sphincter of Oddi (SO) motility on cholesterol gallbladder stone formation in guinea pigs.
METHODS: Thirty-four adult male Hartley guinea pigs were divided randomly into two groups, the control group (n = 10) and the cholesterol gallstone group (n = 24), which was sequentially divided into four subgroups with six guinea pigs each according to time of sacrifice. The guinea pigs in the cholesterol gallstone group were fed a cholesterol lithogenic diet and sacrificed after 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk. SO manometry and recording of myoelectric activity were obtained by a multifunctional physiograph at each stage. Cholecystokinin-A receptor (CCKAR) expression levels in SO smooth muscle were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and serum vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin, and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at each stage in the process of cholesterol gallstone formation.
RESULTS: The gallstone formation rate was 0%, 0%, 16.7%, and 83.3% in the 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk groups, respectively. The frequency of myoelectric activity in the 9 wk group, the amplitude of myoelectric activity in the 9 and 12 wk groups, and the amplitude and the frequency of SO in the 9 wk group were all significantly decreased compared to the control group. The SO basal pressure and common bile duct pressure increased markedly in the 12 wk group, and the CCKAR expression levels increased in the 6 and 12 wk groups compared to the control group. Serum VIP was elevated significantly in the 9 and 12 wk groups and gastrin decreased significantly in the 3 and 9 wk groups. There was no difference in serum CCK-8 between the groups.
CONCLUSION: A cholesterol gallstone-causing diet can induce SO dysfunction. The increasing tension of the SO along with its decreasing activity may play an important role in cholesterol gallstone formation. Expression changes of CCKAR in SO smooth muscle and serum VIP and CCK-8 may be important causes of SO dysfunction.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang ZH, Qin CK, Wu SD, Xu J, Cui XP, Wang ZY, Xian GZ. Roles of sphincter of Oddi motility and serum vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin and cholecystokinin octapeptide. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4730-4736. [PMID: 24782626 PMCID: PMC4000510 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i16.4730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate roles of sphincter of Oddi (SO) motility played in pigment gallbladder stone formation in model of guinea pigs.
METHODS: Thirty-four adult male Hartley guinea pigs were divided randomly into two groups: the control group and pigment stone group. The pigment stone group was divided into 4 subgroups with 6 guinea pigs each according to time of sacrifice, and were fed a pigment lithogenic diet and sacrificed after 3, 6, 9 and 12 wk. SO manometry and recording of myoelectric activity of the guinea pigs were obtained by multifunctional physiograph at each stage. Serum vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) were detected at each stage in the process of pigment gallbladder stone formation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS: The incidence of pigment gallstone formation was 0%, 0%, 16.7% and 66.7% in the 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-wk group, respectively. The frequency of myoelectric activity decreased in the 3-wk group. The amplitude of myoelectric activity had a tendency to decrease but not significantly. The frequency of the SO decreased significantly in the 9-wk group. The SO basal pressure and common bile duct pressure increased in the 12-wk group (25.19 ± 7.77 mmHg vs 40.56 ± 11.81 mmHg, 22.35 ± 7.60 mmHg vs 38.51 ± 11.57 mmHg, P < 0.05). Serum VIP was significantly elevated in the 6- and 12-wk groups and serum CCK-8 was decreased significantly in the 12-wk group.
CONCLUSION: Pigment gallstone-causing diet may induce SO dysfunction. The tension of the SO increased. The disturbance in SO motility may play a role in pigment gallstone formation, and changes in serum VIP and CCK-8 may be important causes of SO dysfunction.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
In this study, a detailed description of development of a new novel bite force recorder (gnathodynamometer) using solid state components is vividly explained. This state of the art authenticated device can be used to assess the complex function of human bite force, which is the net resultant combination of functional response of various craniomandibular structures consisting of interrelated components, like the muscles of mastication, joints, teeth and the neuromuscular system. The consistency and accuracy of the bite force recorder was reaffirmed by doing a detailed laboratory calibration and clinical testing on 30 adult subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarabjeet Singh
- Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, National Dental College, Dera Bassi, Punjab, India
| | - Ashok K Utreja
- Professor and Head, Unit of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navreet Sandhu
- Reader, Department of Prosthodontics, National Dental College, Dera Bassi, Punjab, India
| | - Yadvinder S Dhaliwal
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, National Dental College, Dera Bassi, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qin XM, Li HF, Wang LD. Effects of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity in rats. World J Gastroenterol 1997; 3:169-70. [PMID: 27239139 PMCID: PMC4842880 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v3.i3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1996] [Revised: 02/25/1997] [Accepted: 03/19/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of metoclopramide (MCP) action on myoelectric activity in the antrum and small intestine.
METHODS: Ten healthy male Wistar rats, weighing 250-350 g, were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg, intramuscularly). Four pairs of bipolar stainless steel electrodes 3 mm apart were implanted on the serosal surface of the antrum at one, 10 and 20 cm distal to the pylorus. Five to ten days following the operation, the gastrointestinal myoelectric activity of fasted rats after intramuscular injection of 2.5, six and 12 mg/kg MCP was recorded using a 8-channel EEG machine, and these values were quantitatively compared with the myoelectric activity after saline injection.
RESULTS: In fasted rats, 2.5 mg/kg MCP increased the amplitude of spike activity (402.0 ± 138.4 μV, vs 345 ± 163.4 μV, P < 0.05) and the percentage of the slow wave-containing spike bursts (60.4% ± 22.0% vs 47.4% ± 22.5%, P < 0.01) of small intestine (1 cm distal to the pylorus), but did not affect the myoelectric activity of the antrum. Six and 12 mg/kg MCP increased the amplitude of both the slow wave (332.8 ± 200.1 μV vs 191.2 ± 143.9 μV, P < 0.01; 330.0 ± 197.1 μV vs 191.2 ± 143.9 μV, P < 0.05) and the spike activity of the antrum (180.5 ± 69.7 μV vs 121.8 ± 63.3 μV, P < 0.05; 174.5 ± 71.7 μV vs 123.8 ± 63.3 μV, P < 0.05), while in small intestine (1 cm distal to the pylorus) only the amplitude of spike activity (407.3 ± 179.0 μV vs 345.0 ± 163.4 μV, P < 0.05; 456.0 ± 145.4 μV vs 345.0 ± 163.4 μV, P < 0.05) and the percentage of the slow wave containing spike bursts (61.7% ± 26.5% vs 47.4% ± 22.5%, P < 0.01; 59.1% ± 17.3% vs 47.4% ± 22.5%, P < 0.01) was increased and the latent period significantly prolonged (2.5 ± 0.35 min vs 0.77 ± 0.18 min, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Different mechanisms may be involved in enhancing the myoelectric activity of the antrum and small intestine following MCP administration.
Collapse
|
9
|
Qin XM, Li HF, Wang LD. Effects of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal myoelectric activity in rats. World J Gastroenterol 1997. [PMID: 27239139 DOI: pmid/27239139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of metoclopramide (MCP) action on myoelectric activity in the antrum and small intestine. METHODS Ten healthy male Wistar rats, weighing 250-350 g, were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg, intramuscularly). Four pairs of bipolar stainless steel electrodes 3 mm apart were implanted on the serosal surface of the antrum at one, 10 and 20 cm distal to the pylorus. Five to ten days following the operation, the gastrointestinal myoelectric activity of fasted rats after intramuscular injection of 2.5, six and 12 mg/kg MCP was recorded using a 8-channel EEG machine, and these values were quantitatively compared with the myoelectric activity after saline injection. RESULTS In fasted rats, 2.5 mg/kg MCP increased the amplitude of spike activity (402.0 ± 138.4 μV, vs 345 ± 163.4 μV, P < 0.05) and the percentage of the slow wave-containing spike bursts (60.4% ± 22.0% vs 47.4% ± 22.5%, P < 0.01) of small intestine (1 cm distal to the pylorus), but did not affect the myoelectric activity of the antrum. Six and 12 mg/kg MCP increased the amplitude of both the slow wave (332.8 ± 200.1 μV vs 191.2 ± 143.9 μV, P < 0.01; 330.0 ± 197.1 μV vs 191.2 ± 143.9 μV, P < 0.05) and the spike activity of the antrum (180.5 ± 69.7 μV vs 121.8 ± 63.3 μV, P < 0.05; 174.5 ± 71.7 μV vs 123.8 ± 63.3 μV, P < 0.05), while in small intestine (1 cm distal to the pylorus) only the amplitude of spike activity (407.3 ± 179.0 μV vs 345.0 ± 163.4 μV, P < 0.05; 456.0 ± 145.4 μV vs 345.0 ± 163.4 μV, P < 0.05) and the percentage of the slow wave containing spike bursts (61.7% ± 26.5% vs 47.4% ± 22.5%, P < 0.01; 59.1% ± 17.3% vs 47.4% ± 22.5%, P < 0.01) was increased and the latent period significantly prolonged (2.5 ± 0.35 min vs 0.77 ± 0.18 min, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Different mechanisms may be involved in enhancing the myoelectric activity of the antrum and small intestine following MCP administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X M Qin
- Xiao-Min Qin, Hong-Fang Li, Department of Physiology, Lanzhou Medical College, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - H F Li
- Xiao-Min Qin, Hong-Fang Li, Department of Physiology, Lanzhou Medical College, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - L D Wang
- Xiao-Min Qin, Hong-Fang Li, Department of Physiology, Lanzhou Medical College, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|