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Neuhaus W, Reininger-Gutmann B, Rinner B, Plasenzotti R, Wilflingseder D, De Kock J, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V, Jírová D, Kejlová K, Knudsen LE, Nielsen RN, Kleuser B, Kral V, Thöne-Reineke C, Hartung T, Pallocca G, Leist M, Hippenstiel S, Lang A, Retter I, Krämer S, Jedlicka P, Ameli K, Fritsche E, Tigges J, Buettner M, Bleich A, Baumgart N, Baumgart J, Meinhardt MW, Spanagel R, Chourbaji S, Kränzlin B, Seeger B, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Sánchez-Morgado JM, Galligioni V, Ruiz-Pérez D, Movia D, Prina-Mello A, Ahluwalia A, Chiono V, Gutleb AC, Schmit M, van Golen B, van Weereld L, Kienhuis A, van Oort E, van der Valk J, Smith A, Roszak J, Stępnik M, Sobańska Z, Olsson IAS, Franco NH, Sevastre B, Kandarova H, Capdevila S, Johansson J, Cederroth CR, Sandström J, Ragan I, Bubalo N, Spielmann H. The Rise of Three Rs Centres and Platforms in Europe. Altern Lab Anim 2022; 50:90-120. [PMID: 35578444 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221099165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Public awareness and discussion about animal experiments and replacement methods has greatly increased in recent years. The term 'the Three Rs', which stands for the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal experiments, is inseparably linked in this context. A common goal within the Three Rs scientific community is to develop predictive non-animal models and to better integrate all available data from in vitro, in silico and omics technologies into regulatory decision-making processes regarding, for example, the toxicity of chemicals, drugs or food ingredients. In addition, it is a general concern to implement (human) non-animal methods in basic research. Toward these efforts, there has been an ever-increasing number of Three Rs centres and platforms established over recent years - not only to develop novel methods, but also to disseminate knowledge and help to implement the Three Rs principles in policies and education. The adoption of Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes gave a strong impetus to the creation of Three Rs initiatives, in the form of centres and platforms. As the first of a series of papers, this article gives an overview of the European Three Rs centres and platforms, and their historical development. The subsequent articles, to be published over the course of ATLA's 50th Anniversary year, will summarise the current focus and tasks as well as the future and the plans of the Three Rs centres and platforms. The Three Rs centres and platforms are very important points of contact and play an immense role in their respective countries as 'on the ground' facilitators of Directive 2010/63/EU. They are also invaluable for the widespread dissemination of information and for promoting implementation of the Three Rs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Neuhaus
- EUSAAT and Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Centre for Health and Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Beate Rinner
- Biomedical Research, 31475Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - Roberto Plasenzotti
- Department of Biomedical Research, 27271Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, 27280Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joery De Kock
- 70493Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Innovation Centre-3R Alternatives (IC-3Rs), Dept. In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- 70493Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Innovation Centre-3R Alternatives (IC-3Rs), Dept. In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- 70493Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Innovation Centre-3R Alternatives (IC-3Rs), Dept. In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dagmar Jírová
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, 37739National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Kejlová
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety, 37739National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Burkhard Kleuser
- 9166Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivian Kral
- 9166Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- 9166Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behaviour and Laboratory Animal Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) Europe, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Giorgia Pallocca
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) Europe, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) Europe, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité3R, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité3R, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ida Retter
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité3R, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Krämer
- 3R Centre JLU Giessen, Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research (ICAR3R), Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- 3R Centre JLU Giessen, Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research (ICAR3R), Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Ameli
- 3R Centre JLU Giessen, Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research (ICAR3R), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuela Buettner
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, 9177Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, 9177Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Baumgart
- TARC force 3R, Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Center, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus W Meinhardt
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Chourbaji
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility (IBF), University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Kränzlin
- Medical Research Centre, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bettina Seeger
- 460510University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Group Food Toxicology and Alternatives/Complementary Methods to Animal Experiments, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- 460510University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Department of Biochemistry & Research Centre for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Viola Galligioni
- Comparative Medicine Unit, 8809Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Pérez
- Comparative Medicine Unit, 8809Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dania Movia
- Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, 460510Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, 460510Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Department of Information Engineering, Universita' di Pisa and Centro 3R, Interuniversity Centre for the Promotion of 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Italy
| | - Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 19032Politecnico di Torino, Torino and Centro 3R, and Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research, Italy
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marthe Schmit
- 81872University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Bea van Golen
- 2890Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Leane van Weereld
- Netherlands National Committee for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (NCad), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Kienhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment-RIVM, BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erica van Oort
- 2890Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Valk
- 3Rs-Centre, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 8125Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Smith
- Norecopa ℅ Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Joanna Roszak
- The National Centre for Alternative Methods to Toxicity Assessment, 49611Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland
| | - Maciej Stępnik
- The National Centre for Alternative Methods to Toxicity Assessment, 49611Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.,QSAR Lab Ltd, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Sobańska
- The National Centre for Alternative Methods to Toxicity Assessment, 49611Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland
| | - I Anna S Olsson
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 26706Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 26706Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Henrique Franco
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 26706Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, 26706Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bogdan Sevastre
- Romanian Center for Alternative Test Methods (ROCAM) hosted by the 162275University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Helena Kandarova
- Slovak National Platform for 3Rs-SNP3Rs, Bratislava, Slovakia; and Department of Tissue Cultures and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS, 87171Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sara Capdevila
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ian Ragan
- National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs), London, United Kingdom
| | - Nataliia Bubalo
- 243563The National University of Food Technologies, Department of Fats, Perfumery and Cosmetic Products Technology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Horst Spielmann
- 9166Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
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