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Humbert N, Kovalenko L, Saladini F, Giannini A, Pires M, Botzanowski T, Cherenok S, Boudier C, Sharma KK, Real E, Zaporozhets OA, Cianférani S, Seguin-Devaux C, Poggialini F, Botta M, Zazzi M, Kalchenko VI, Mori M, Mély Y. (Thia)calixarenephosphonic Acids as Potent Inhibitors of the Nucleic Acid Chaperone Activity of the HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein with a New Binding Mode and Multitarget Antiviral Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:687-702. [PMID: 32045204 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein (NC) is a highly conserved protein that plays key roles in HIV-1 replication through its nucleic acid chaperone properties mediated by its two zinc fingers and basic residues. NC is a promising target for antiviral therapy, particularly to control viral strains resistant to currently available drugs. Since calixarenes with antiviral properties have been described, we explored the ability of calixarene hydroxymethylphosphonic or sulfonic acids to inhibit NC chaperone properties and exhibit antiviral activity. By using fluorescence-based assays, we selected four calixarenes inhibiting NC chaperone activity with submicromolar IC50 values. These compounds were further shown by mass spectrometry, isothermal titration calorimetry, and fluorescence anisotropy to bind NC with no zinc ejection and to compete with nucleic acids for the binding to NC. Molecular dynamic simulations further indicated that these compounds interact via their phosphonate or sulfonate groups with the basic surface of NC but not with the hydrophobic plateau at the top of the folded fingers. Cellular studies showed that the most soluble compound CIP201 inhibited the infectivity of wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 strains at low micromolar concentrations, primarily targeting the early steps of HIV-1 replication. Moreover, CIP201 was also found to inhibit the flipping and polymerization activity of reverse transcriptase. Calixarenes thus form a class of noncovalent NC inhibitors, endowed with a new binding mode and multitarget antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Humbert
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Lesia Kovalenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Francesco Saladini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, viale Mario Bracci no. 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Giannini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, viale Mario Bracci no. 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Manuel Pires
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sergiy Cherenok
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska str. 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Christian Boudier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Kamal K. Sharma
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Eleonore Real
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Olga A. Zaporozhets
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022 Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022 Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, viale Mario Bracci no. 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vitaly I. Kalchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska str. 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022 Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
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