1
|
Amin MA, Chakraborty M, Wallace DA, Varma D. Coordination between the Ndc80 complex and dynein is essential for microtubule plus-end capture by kinetochores during early mitosis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104711. [PMID: 37060995 PMCID: PMC10206188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic kinetochores are initially captured by dynamic microtubules via a "search-and-capture" mechanism. The microtubule motor, dynein, is critical for kinetochore capture as it has been shown to transport microtubule-attached chromosomes toward the spindle pole during prometaphase. The microtubule-binding nuclear division cycle 80 (Ndc80) complex that is recruited to kinetochores in prophase is known to play a central role in forming kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) attachments in metaphase. It is not yet clear, however, how Ndc80 contributes to initial kMT capture during prometaphase. Here, by combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout and RNAi technology with assays specific to study kMT capture, we show that mitotic cells lacking Ndc80 exhibit substantial defects in this function during prometaphase. Rescue experiments show that Ndc80 mutants deficient in microtubule-binding are unable to execute proper kMT capture. While cells inhibited of dynein alone are predominantly able to make initial kMT attachments, cells co-depleted of Ndc80 and dynein show severe defects in kMT capture. Further, we use an in vitro total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy assay to reconstitute microtubule capture events, which suggest that Ndc80 and dynein coordinate with each other for microtubule plus-end capture and that the phosphorylation status of Ndc80 is critical for productive kMT capture. A novel interaction between Ndc80 and dynein that we identify in prometaphase extracts might be critical for efficient plus-end capture. Thus, our studies, for the first time, identify a distinct event in the formation of initial kMT attachments, which is directly mediated by Ndc80 and in coordination with dynein is required for efficient kMT capture and chromosome alignment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdullahel Amin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Manas Chakraborty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Destiny Ariel Wallace
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Polley S, Müschenborn H, Terbeck M, De Antoni A, Vetter IR, Dogterom M, Musacchio A, Volkov VA, Huis In 't Veld PJ. Stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment requires loop-dependent Ndc80-Ndc80 binding. EMBO J 2023:e112504. [PMID: 37203876 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell division, kinetochores link chromosomes to spindle microtubules. The Ndc80 complex, a crucial microtubule binder, populates each kinetochore with dozens of copies. Whether adjacent Ndc80 complexes cooperate to promote microtubule binding remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that the Ndc80 loop, a short sequence that interrupts the Ndc80 coiled-coil at a conserved position, folds into a more rigid structure than previously assumed and promotes direct interactions between full-length Ndc80 complexes on microtubules. Mutations in the loop impair these Ndc80-Ndc80 interactions, prevent the formation of force-resistant kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and cause cells to arrest in mitosis for hours. This arrest is not due to an inability to recruit the kinetochore-microtubule stabilizing SKA complex and cannot be overridden by mutations in the Ndc80 tail that strengthen microtubule attachment. Thus, loop-mediated organization of adjacent Ndc80 complexes is crucial for stable end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachment and spindle assembly checkpoint satisfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Polley
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Helen Müschenborn
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Melina Terbeck
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen TMT, Munhoven A, Samel-Pommerencke A, Kshirsagar R, Cuomo A, Bonaldi T, Ehrenhofer-Murray AE. Methylation of CENP-A/Cse4 on arginine 143 and lysine 131 regulates kinetochore stability in yeast. Genetics 2023; 223:7050027. [PMID: 36810679 PMCID: PMC10078908 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications on histones are well known to regulate chromatin structure and function, but much less information is available on modifications of the centromeric histone H3 variant and their effect at the kinetochore. Here, we report two modifications on the centromeric histone H3 variant CENP-A/Cse4 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, methylation at arginine 143 (R143me) and lysine 131 (K131me), that affect centromere stability and kinetochore function. Both R143me and K131me lie in the core region of the centromeric nucleosome, near the entry/exit sites of the DNA from the nucleosome. Unexpectedly, mutation of Cse4-R143 (cse4-R143A) exacerbated the kinetochore defect of mutations in components of the NDC80 complex of the outer kinetochore (spc25-1) and the MIND complex (dsn1-7). The analysis of suppressor mutations of the spc25-1 cse4-R143A growth defect highlighted residues in Spc24, Ndc80 and Spc25 that localize to the tetramerization domain of the NDC80 complex and the Spc24-Spc25 stalk, suggesting that the mutations enhance interactions among NDC80 complex components and thus stabilize the complex. Furthermore, the Set2 histone methyltransferase inhibited kinetochore function in spc25-1 cse4-R143A cells, possibly by methylating Cse4-K131. Taken together, our data suggest that Cse4-R143 and -K131 methylation affect the stability of the centromeric nucleosome, which is detrimental in the context of defective NDC80 tetramerization and can be compensated for by strengthening interactions among NDC80 complex components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tra My Tran Nguyen
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Munhoven
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rucha Kshirsagar
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS 20139 Milano, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122 Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laine LJ, Mäki-Jouppila JHE, Kutvonen E, Tiikkainen P, Nyholm TKM, Tien JF, Umbreit NT, Härmä V, Kallio L, Davis TN, Asbury CL, Poso A, Gorbsky GJ, Kallio MJ. VTT-006, an anti-mitotic compound, binds to the Ndc80 complex and suppresses cancer cell growth in vitro. Oncoscience 2021; 8:134-153. [PMID: 34926718 PMCID: PMC8667816 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hec1 (Highly expressed in cancer 1) resides in the outer kinetochore where it works to facilitate proper kinetochore-microtubule interactions during mitosis. Hec1 is overexpressed in various cancers and its expression shows correlation with high tumour grade and poor patient prognosis. Chemical perturbation of Hec1 is anticipated to impair kinetochore-microtubule binding, activate the spindle assembly checkpoint (spindle checkpoint) and thereby suppress cell proliferation. In this study, we performed high-throughput screen to identify novel small molecules that target the Hec1 calponin homology domain (CHD), which is needed for normal microtubule attachments. 4 million compounds were first virtually fitted against the CHD, and the best hit molecules were evaluated in vitro. These approaches led to the identification of VTT-006, a 1,2-disubstituted-tetrahydro-beta-carboline derivative, which showed binding to recombinant Ndc80 complex and modulated Hec1 association with microtubules in vitro. VTT-006 treatment resulted in chromosome congression defects, reduced chromosome oscillations and induced loss of inter-kinetochore tension. Cells remained arrested in mitosis with an active spindle checkpoint for several hours before undergoing cell death. VTT-006 suppressed the growth of several cancer cell lines and enhanced the sensitivity of HeLa cells to Taxol. Our findings propose that VTT-006 is a potential anti-mitotic compound that disrupts M phase, impairs kinetochore-microtubule interactions, and activates the spindle checkpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leena J Laine
- VTT Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Otaniemi, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jenni H E Mäki-Jouppila
- VTT Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Otaniemi, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Finland.,Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Emma Kutvonen
- VTT Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Otaniemi, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Pekka Tiikkainen
- VTT Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Otaniemi, Finland
| | | | - Jerry F Tien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neil T Umbreit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ville Härmä
- VTT Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Otaniemi, Finland
| | - Lila Kallio
- VTT Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Otaniemi, Finland
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gary J Gorbsky
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Marko J Kallio
- VTT Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Otaniemi, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gutierrez A, Kim JO, Umbreit NT, Asbury CL, Davis TN, Miller MP, Biggins S. Cdk1 Phosphorylation of the Dam1 Complex Strengthens Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4491-4499.e5. [PMID: 32946748 PMCID: PMC7497780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the faithful inheritance of DNA, a macromolecular protein complex called the kinetochore sustains the connection between chromosomes and force-generating dynamic microtubules during cell division. Defects in this process lead to aneuploidy, a common feature of cancer cells and the cause of many developmental diseases [1, 2, 3, 4]. One of the major microtubule-binding activities in the kinetochore is mediated by the conserved Ndc80 complex (Ndc80c) [5, 6, 7]. In budding yeast, the retention of kinetochores on dynamic microtubule tips also depends on the essential heterodecameric Dam1 complex (Dam1c) [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15], which binds to the Ndc80c and is proposed to be a functional ortholog of the metazoan Ska complex [16, 17]. The load-bearing activity of the Dam1c depends on its ability to oligomerize, and the purified complex spontaneously self-assembles into microtubule-encircling oligomeric rings, which are proposed to function as collars that allow kinetochores to processively track the plus-end tips of microtubules and harness the forces generated by disassembling microtubules [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. However, it is unknown whether there are specific regulatory events that promote Dam1c oligomerization to ensure accurate segregation. Here, we used a reconstitution system to discover that Cdk1, the major mitotic kinase that drives the cell cycle, phosphorylates the Ask1 component of the Dam1c to increase its residence time on microtubules and enhance kinetochore-microtubule attachment strength. We propose that Cdk1 activity promotes Dam1c oligomerization to ensure that kinetochore-microtubule attachments are stabilized as kinetochores come under tension in mitosis. Cdk1 phosphorylation of Dam1c strengthens kinetochore-microtubule attachments Ask1 is the key Cdk1 target in Dam1c that enhances for kinetochore-microtubule attachments Dynamic phosphorylation of Dam1c by Cdk1 is important in vivo Cdk1 phosphorylation of Ask1 appears to promote Dam1c oligomerization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Gutierrez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jae Ook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Neil T Umbreit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahi A, Chakraborty M, Vosberg K, Varma D. Kinetochore-microtubule coupling mechanisms mediated by the Ska1 complex and Cdt1. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:337-47. [PMID: 32844209 DOI: 10.1042/EBC20190075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The faithful segregation of duplicated sister chromatids rely on the remarkable ability of kinetochores to sustain stable load bearing attachments with the dynamic plus ends of kinetochore-microtubules (kMTs). The outer layer of the kinetochore recruits several motor and non-motor microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that help the kinetochores establish and maintain a load bearing dynamic attachment with kMTs. The primary kMT-binding protein, the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80c), which is highly conserved among diverse organisms from yeast to humans, performs this essential function with assistance from other MAPs. These MAPs are not an integral part of the kinetochore, but they localize to the kinetochore periodically throughout mitosis and regulate the strength of the kinetochore microtubule attachments. Here, we attempt to summarize the recent advances that have been made toward furthering our understanding of this co-operation between the Ndc80c and these MAPs, focusing on the spindle and kinetochore-associated 1 (Ska1) complex (Ska1c) and Cdc10-dependent transcript 1 (Cdt1) in humans.
Collapse
|
7
|
Roscioli E, Germanova TE, Smith CA, Embacher PA, Erent M, Thompson AI, Burroughs NJ, McAinsh AD. Ensemble-Level Organization of Human Kinetochores and Evidence for Distinct Tension and Attachment Sensors. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107535. [PMID: 32348762 PMCID: PMC7196887 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are multi-protein machines that form dynamic attachments to microtubules and control chromosome segregation. High fidelity is ensured because kinetochores can monitor attachment status and tension, using this information to activate checkpoints and error-correction mechanisms. To explore how kinetochores achieve this, we used two- and three-color subpixel fluorescence localization to define how proteins from six major complexes (CCAN, MIS12, NDC80, KNL1, RZZ, and SKA) and the checkpoint proteins Bub1, Mad1, and Mad2 are organized in the human kinetochore. This reveals how the outer kinetochore has a high nematic order and is largely invariant to the loss of attachment or tension, except for two mechanical sensors. First, Knl1 unravels to relay tension, and second, NDC80 undergoes jackknifing and loss of nematic order under microtubule detachment, with only the latter wired up to the checkpoint signaling system. This provides insight into how kinetochores integrate mechanical signals to promote error-free chromosome segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Roscioli
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tsvetelina E Germanova
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Christopher A Smith
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Peter A Embacher
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Muriel Erent
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Amelia I Thompson
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nigel J Burroughs
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meyer RE, Dawson DS. Better safe than sorry-preventing mitotic segregation of meiotic chromosomes. Genes Dev 2020; 34:147-148. [PMID: 32015052 PMCID: PMC7000914 DOI: 10.1101/gad.336164.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This Outlook discusses Chen et al.’s finding describing an interconnected set of mechanisms that provides multiple layers of protection from the carryover of mitotic chromosome segregation patterns into meiotic cells. The distinctive segregation patterns of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis are dictated in part by the kinetochores, the structures on chromosomes that attach them to the microtubules of the spindle. Inappropriate mitosis-like chromosome segregation in meiosis leads to gametes with incorrect chromosome numbers. New findings by Chen and colleagues (pp. 209–225) in this issue of Genes & Development reveal how cells restructure their kinetochores when they enter meiosis. Their results describe an interconnected set of mechanisms that provides multiple layers of protection from the carryover of mitotic chromosome segregation patterns into meiotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Régis E Meyer
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Dean S Dawson
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen J, Liao A, Powers EN, Liao H, Kohlstaedt LA, Evans R, Holly RM, Kim JK, Jovanovic M, Ünal E. Aurora B-dependent Ndc80 degradation regulates kinetochore composition in meiosis. Genes Dev 2020; 34:209-225. [PMID: 31919192 PMCID: PMC7000919 DOI: 10.1101/gad.333997.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore complex is a conserved machinery that connects chromosomes to spindle microtubules. During meiosis, the kinetochore is restructured to accommodate a specialized chromosome segregation pattern. In budding yeast, meiotic kinetochore remodeling is mediated by the temporal changes in the abundance of a single subunit called Ndc80. We previously described the regulatory events that control the timely synthesis of Ndc80. Here, we report that Ndc80 turnover is also tightly regulated in meiosis: Ndc80 degradation is active in meiotic prophase, but not in metaphase I. Ndc80 degradation depends on the ubiquitin ligase APCAma1 and is mediated by the proteasome. Importantly, Aurora B-dependent Ndc80 phosphorylation, a mark that has been previously implicated in correcting erroneous microtubule-kinetochore attachments, is essential for Ndc80 degradation in a microtubule-independent manner. The N terminus of Ndc80, including a 27-residue sequence and Aurora B phosphorylation sites, is both necessary and sufficient for kinetochore protein degradation. Finally, defects in Ndc80 turnover predispose meiotic cells to chromosome mis-segregation. Our study elucidates the mechanism by which meiotic cells modulate their kinetochore composition through regulated Ndc80 degradation, and demonstrates that Aurora B-dependent regulation of kinetochores extends beyond altering microtubule attachments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxun Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrew Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Emily N Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hanna Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lori A Kohlstaedt
- UC Berkeley QB3 Proteomics Facility, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rena Evans
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ryan M Holly
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jenny Kim Kim
- Department of Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, USA
| | - Marko Jovanovic
- Department of Biology, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, USA
| | - Elçin Ünal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huis In 't Veld PJ, Volkov VA, Stender ID, Musacchio A, Dogterom M. Molecular determinants of the Ska- Ndc80 interaction and their influence on microtubule tracking and force-coupling. eLife 2019; 8:49539. [PMID: 31804178 PMCID: PMC6927755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Errorless chromosome segregation requires load-bearing attachments of the plus ends of spindle microtubules to chromosome structures named kinetochores. How these end-on kinetochore attachments are established following initial lateral contacts with the microtubule lattice is poorly understood. Two microtubule-binding complexes, the Ndc80 and Ska complexes, are important for efficient end-on coupling and may function as a unit in this process, but precise conditions for their interaction are unknown. Here, we report that the Ska-Ndc80 interaction is phosphorylation-dependent and does not require microtubules, applied force, or several previously identified functional determinants including the Ndc80-loop and the Ndc80-tail. Both the Ndc80-tail, which we reveal to be essential for microtubule end-tracking, and Ndc80-bound Ska stabilize microtubule ends in a stalled conformation. Modulation of force-coupling efficiency demonstrates that the duration of stalled microtubule disassembly predicts whether a microtubule is stabilized and rescued by the kinetochore, likely reflecting a structural transition of the microtubule end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Isabelle D Stender
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Campbell S, Amin MA, Varma D, Bidone TC. Computational model demonstrates that Ndc80-associated proteins strengthen kinetochore-microtubule attachments in metaphase. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:549-561. [PMID: 31525284 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation is mediated by spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochore via dynamic protein complexes, such as Ndc80, Ska, Cdt1 and ch-TOG during mitotic metaphase. While experimental studies have previously shown that these proteins and protein complexes are all essential for maintaining a stable kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) interface, their exact roles in the mitotic metaphase remains elusive. In this study, we employed experimental and computational methods in order to characterize how these proteins can strengthen kMT attachments in both nonload-bearing and load-bearing conditions, typical of prometaphase and metaphase, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining of HeLa cells showed that the levels of Ska and Cdt1 significantly increased from prometaphase to metaphase, while levels of the Ndc80 complex remained unchanged. Our new computational model showed that by incorporating binding and unbinding of each protein complex coupled with a biased diffusion mechanism, the displacement of a possible complex formed by Ndc80-Ska-Cdt1 is significantly higher than that of Ndc80 alone or Ndc80-Ska. In addition, when we incorporate Ndc80/ch-TOG in the model, rupture force and time of attachment of the kMT interface increases. These results support the hypothesis that Ndc80-associated proteins strengthen kMT attachments, and that the interplay between kMT protein complexes in metaphase ensures stable attachments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tamara C Bidone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amin MA, Agarwal S, Varma D. Mapping the kinetochore MAP functions required for stabilizing microtubule attachments to chromosomes during metaphase. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:398-412. [PMID: 31454167 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In mitosis, faithful chromosome segregation is orchestrated by the dynamic interactions between the spindle microtubules (MTs) emanating from the opposite poles and the kinetochores of the chromosomes. However, the precise mechanism that coordinates the coupling of the kinetochore components to dynamic MTs has been a long-standing question. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate MT nucleation and dynamics, MT-mediated transport and MT cross-linking in cells. During mitosis, MAPs play an essential role not only in determining spindle length, position, and orientation but also in facilitating robust kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) attachments by linking the kinetochores to spindle MTs efficiently. The stability of MTs imparted by the MAPs is critical to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. This review primarily focuses on the specific function of nonmotor kinetochore MAPs, their recruitment to kinetochores and their MT-binding properties. We also attempt to synthesize and strengthen our understanding of how these MAPs work in coordination with the kinetochore-bound Ndc80 complex (the key component at the MT-binding interface in metaphase and anaphase) to establish stable kMT attachments and control accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao G, Oztan A, Ye Y, Schwarz TL. Kinetochore Proteins Have a Post-Mitotic Function in Neurodevelopment. Dev Cell 2019; 48:873-882.e4. [PMID: 30827899 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a complex of proteins, broadly conserved from yeast to man, that resides at the centromere and is essential for chromosome segregation in dividing cells. There are no known functions of the core complex outside of the centromere. We now show that the proteins of the kinetochore have an essential post-mitotic function in neurodevelopment. At the embryonic neuromuscular junction of Drosophila melanogaster, mutation or knockdown of many kinetochore components cause neurites to overgrow and prevent formation of normal synaptic boutons. Kinetochore proteins were detected in synapses and axons in Drosophila. In post-mitotic cultured hippocampal neurons, knockdown of mis12 increased the filopodia-like protrusions in this region. We conclude that the proteins of the kinetochore are repurposed to sculpt developing synapses and dendrites and thereby contribute to the correct development of neuronal circuits in both invertebrates and mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhao
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asli Oztan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yingzhi Ye
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas L Schwarz
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pellacani C, Bucciarelli E, Renda F, Hayward D, Palena A, Chen J, Bonaccorsi S, Wakefield JG, Gatti M, Somma MP. Splicing factors Sf3A2 and Prp31 have direct roles in mitotic chromosome segregation. eLife 2018; 7:40325. [PMID: 30475206 PMCID: PMC6287947 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that RNAi-mediated depletion of splicing factors (SFs) results in mitotic abnormalities. However, it is currently unclear whether these abnormalities reflect defective splicing of specific pre-mRNAs or a direct role of the SFs in mitosis. Here, we show that two highly conserved SFs, Sf3A2 and Prp31, are required for chromosome segregation in both Drosophila and human cells. Injections of anti-Sf3A2 and anti-Prp31 antibodies into Drosophila embryos disrupt mitotic division within 1 min, arguing strongly against a splicing-related mitotic function of these factors. We demonstrate that both SFs bind spindle microtubules (MTs) and the Ndc80 complex, which in Sf3A2- and Prp31-depleted cells is not tightly associated with the kinetochores; in HeLa cells the Ndc80/HEC1-SF interaction is restricted to the M phase. These results indicate that Sf3A2 and Prp31 directly regulate interactions among kinetochores, spindle microtubules and the Ndc80 complex in both Drosophila and human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pellacani
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bucciarelli
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Fioranna Renda
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel Hayward
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Antonella Palena
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Jack Chen
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - James G Wakefield
- Biosciences/Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Patrizia Somma
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Suzuki A, Gupta A, Long SK, Evans R, Badger BL, Salmon ED, Biggins S, Bloom K. A Kinesin-5, Cin8, Recruits Protein Phosphatase 1 to Kinetochores and Regulates Chromosome Segregation. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2697-2704.e3. [PMID: 30174190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 is a highly conserved homo-tetrameric protein complex responsible for crosslinking microtubules and pushing spindle poles apart. The budding yeast Kinesin-5, Cin8, is highly concentrated at kinetochores in mitosis before anaphase, but its functions there are largely unsolved. Here, we show that Cin8 localizes to kinetochores in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and concentrates near the microtubule binding domains of Ndc80 at metaphase. Cin8's kinetochore localization depends on the Ndc80 complex, kinetochore microtubules, and the Dam1 complex. Consistent with its kinetochore localization, a Cin8 deletion induces a loss of tension at the Ndc80 microtubule binding domains and a major delay in mitotic progression. Cin8 associates with Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1), and mutants that inhibit its PP1 binding also induce a loss of tension at the Ndc80 microtubule binding domains and delay mitotic progression. Taken together, our results suggest that Cin8-PP1 plays a critical role at kinetochores to promote accurate chromosome segregation by controlling Ndc80 attachment to microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aussie Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Amitabha Gupta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sarah K Long
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rena Evans
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Benjamin L Badger
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Edward D Salmon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Kerry Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Volkov VA, Huis In 't Veld PJ, Dogterom M, Musacchio A. Multivalency of NDC80 in the outer kinetochore is essential to track shortening microtubules and generate forces. eLife 2018; 7:36764. [PMID: 29629870 PMCID: PMC5940359 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Presence of multiple copies of the microtubule-binding NDC80 complex is an evolutionary conserved feature of kinetochores, points of attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules. This may enable multivalent attachments to microtubules, with implications that remain unexplored. Using recombinant human kinetochore components, we show that while single NDC80 complexes do not track depolymerizing microtubules, reconstituted particles containing the NDC80 receptor CENP-T bound to three or more NDC80 complexes do so effectively, as expected for a kinetochore force coupler. To study multivalency systematically, we engineered modules allowing incremental addition of NDC80 complexes. The modules’ residence time on microtubules increased exponentially with the number of NDC80 complexes. Modules with two or more complexes tracked depolymerizing microtubules with increasing efficiencies, and stalled and rescued microtubule depolymerization in a force-dependent manner when conjugated to cargo. Our observations indicate that NDC80, rather than through biased diffusion, tracks depolymerizing microtubules by harnessing force generated during microtubule disassembly. Before a cell divides, its genome duplicates so that each copy can be given to the daughter cells. In a dividing cell, the chromosomes – the structures that store genetic information – look like an ‘X’. This is because each chromosome is formed of two identical, rod-like, ‘sister chromatids’ which are attached by their middle. Each daughter cell should inherit one of the chromatids. As division progresses, both sister chromatids in a pair fasten to ‘microtubules’, string-like structures made of a large number of identical proteins stacked together. These strings attach each chromatids to opposite sides of the cell. Then, the ends of the microtubules that bind to a chromatid start to peel off and disassemble. The microtubules get shorter and shorter, which creates a force that pulls the chromatids apart. Microtubules latch on a chromatid via a large structure known as the kinetochore, which has tether-like protein complexes called NDC80 at its surface. NDC80 links the kinetochore with the microtubules, yet little is known about this connection. In particular, it is unclear how this complex relays the forces from the shortening microtubules to the chromatids, and how many NDC80 complexes are required for this process. To study how these proteins interact without any molecular background ‘noise’ from the cell, Volkov, Huis in ‘t Veld et al. engineered simplified versions of the microtubule-kinetochore-NDC80 connection using components of human kinetochores. These versions, named ‘modules’, contained different numbers of NDC80 complexes, from one to four copies. Volkov, Huis in ‘t Veld et al. found that single NDC80 complexes did not follow the microtubules as they shortened, while the connections with two or more NDC80 complexes did. When a few modules, each with two or three NDC80s, were closeby, they also bound to the end of the same shortening microtubule, and captured more force as a team. NDC80 complexes therefore work together to connect to microtubule ends and harness their energy. The artificial kinetochore-microtubule-NDC80 connections developed by Volkov, Huis in ‘t Veld et al. provides a new method to study how cells divide, and it could reveal how other proteins and biological processes participate in this mechanism. It could also help understand how chromatids are kept from separating incorrectly during division, which is an error that could be fatal for the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Pim J Huis In 't Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Amin MA, McKenney RJ, Varma D. Antagonism between the dynein and Ndc80 complexes at kinetochores controls the stability of kinetochore-microtubule attachments during mitosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5755-5765. [PMID: 29475948 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis require kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) attachments that are mediated by the molecular motor dynein and the kMT-binding complex Ndc80. The Rod-ZW10-Zwilch (RZZ) complex is central to this coordination as it has an important role in dynein recruitment and has recently been reported to have a key function in the regulation of stable kMT attachments in Caenorhabditis elegans besides its role in activating the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). However, the mechanism by which these protein complexes control kMT attachments to drive chromosome motility during early mitosis is still unclear. Here, using in vitro total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we observed that higher concentrations of Ndc80 inhibited dynein binding to MTs, providing evidence that Ndc80 and dynein antagonize each other's function. High-resolution microscopy and siRNA-mediated functional disruption revealed that severe defects in chromosome alignment induced by depletion of dynein or the dynein adapter Spindly are rescued by codepletion of the RZZ component Rod in human cells. Interestingly, rescue of the chromosome alignment defects was independent of Rod function in SAC activation and was accompanied by a remarkable restoration of stable kMT attachments. Furthermore, the chromosome alignment rescue depended on the plus-end-directed motility of centromere protein E (CENP-E) because cells codepleted of CENP-E, Rod, and dynein could not establish stable kMT attachments or align their chromosomes properly. Our findings support the idea that dynein may control the function of the Ndc80 complex in stabilizing kMT attachments directly by interfering with Ndc80-MT binding or indirectly by controlling the Rod-mediated inhibition of Ndc80.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Amin
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 and
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Dileep Varma
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 and
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Q, Chen Y, Yang L, Liu H. Multitasking Ska in Chromosome Segregation: Its Distinct Pools Might Specify Various Functions. Bioessays 2018; 40. [PMID: 29359816 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human spindle and kinetochore associated (Ska) complex is required for proper mitotic progression. Extensive studies have demonstrated its important functions in both stable kinetochore-microtubule interactions and spindle checkpoint silencing. We suggest a model to explain how various Ska functions might be fulfilled by distinct pools of Ska at kinetochores. The Ndc80-loop pool of Ska is recruited by the Ndc80 loop, or together with some of its flanking sequences, and the recruitment is also dependent on Cdk1-mediated Ska3 phosphorylation. This pool seems to play a more important role in silencing the spindle checkpoint than stabilizing kinetochore-microtubule interactions. In contrast, the Ndc80-N-terminus pool of Ska is recruited by the N-terminal domains of Ndc80 and appears to be more important for stabilizing kinetochore-microtubule interactions. Here, we review and discuss the evidence that supports this model and suggest further experiments to test the functioning mechanisms of the Ska complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Yujue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Long AF, Udy DB, Dumont S. Hec1 Tail Phosphorylation Differentially Regulates Mammalian Kinetochore Coupling to Polymerizing and Depolymerizing Microtubules. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1692-1699.e3. [PMID: 28552353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore links chromosomes to dynamic spindle microtubules and drives both chromosome congression and segregation. To do so, the kinetochore must hold on to depolymerizing and polymerizing microtubules. At metaphase, one sister kinetochore couples to depolymerizing microtubules, pulling its sister along polymerizing microtubules [1, 2]. Distinct kinetochore-microtubule interfaces mediate these behaviors: active interfaces transduce microtubule depolymerization into mechanical work, and passive interfaces generate friction as the kinetochore moves along microtubules [3, 4]. Despite a growing understanding of the molecular components that mediate kinetochore binding [5-7], we do not know how kinetochores physically interact with polymerizing versus depolymerizing microtubule bundles, and whether they use the same mechanisms and regulation to do so. To address this question, we focus on the mechanical role of the essential load-bearing protein Hec1 [8-11] in mammalian cells. Hec1's affinity for microtubules is regulated by Aurora B phosphorylation on its N-terminal tail [12-15], but its role at the interface with polymerizing versus depolymerizing microtubules remains unclear. Here we use laser ablation to trigger cellular pulling on mutant kinetochores and decouple sisters in vivo, and thereby separately probe Hec1's role on polymerizing versus depolymerizing microtubules. We show that Hec1 tail phosphorylation tunes friction along polymerizing microtubules and yet does not compromise the kinetochore's ability to grip depolymerizing microtubules. Together, the data suggest that kinetochore regulation has differential effects on engagement with growing and shrinking microtubules. Through this mechanism, the kinetochore can modulate its grip on microtubules over mitosis and yet retain its ability to couple to microtubules powering chromosome movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F Long
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dylan B Udy
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; MCB Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sophie Dumont
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Q, Sivakumar S, Chen Y, Gao H, Yang L, Yuan Z, Yu H, Liu H. Ska3 Phosphorylated by Cdk1 Binds Ndc80 and Recruits Ska to Kinetochores to Promote Mitotic Progression. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1477-1484.e4. [PMID: 28479321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The spindle and kinetochore-associated (Ska) protein complex is required for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis [1-6] and consists of two copies each of Ska1, Ska2, and Ska3 proteins [4, 7]. The Ska complex contains multiple microtubule-binding elements and promotes kinetochore-microtubule attachment [8-11]. The Ska1 C-terminal domain (CTD) recruits protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) to kinetochores to promote timely anaphase onset [12]. The Ska complex regulates, and is regulated by, Aurora B [13]. Aurora B phosphorylates both Ska1 and Ska3 to inhibit the kinetochore localization of the Ska complex [14]. Despite its multitude of functions at kinetochores, how the Ska complex itself is recruited to kinetochores is unclear. It is unknown whether any mitotic kinases positively regulate the localization of the Ska complex to kinetochores. Here, we show that Cdk1 phosphorylates Ska3 to promote its direct binding to the Ndc80 complex (Ndc80C), a core outer kinetochore component. We also show that this phosphorylation occurs specifically during mitosis and is required for the kinetochore localization of the Ska complex. Ska3 mutants deficient in Cdk1 phosphorylation are defective in kinetochore localization but retain microtubule localization. These mutants support chromosome alignment but delay anaphase onset. We propose that Ska3 phosphorylated by Cdk1 in mitosis binds to Ndc80C and recruits the Ska complex to kinetochores where Ska1 can bind both PP1 and microtubules to promote anaphase onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Health Science Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sushama Sivakumar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yujue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Health Science Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Haishan Gao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Health Science Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Zhu Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Health Science Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Health Science Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim JO, Zelter A, Umbreit NT, Bollozos A, Riffle M, Johnson R, MacCoss MJ, Asbury CL, Davis TN. The Ndc80 complex bridges two Dam1 complex rings. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28191870 PMCID: PMC5354518 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong kinetochore-microtubule attachments are essential for faithful segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis. The Dam1 and Ndc80 complexes are the main microtubule binding components of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochore. Cooperation between these two complexes enhances kinetochore-microtubule coupling and is regulated by Aurora B kinase. We show that the Ndc80 complex can simultaneously bind and bridge across two Dam1 complex rings through a tripartite interaction, each component of which is regulated by Aurora B kinase. Mutations in any one of the Ndc80p interaction regions abrogates the Ndc80 complex's ability to bind two Dam1 rings in vitro, and results in kinetochore biorientation and microtubule attachment defects in vivo. We also show that an extra-long Ndc80 complex, engineered to space the two Dam1 rings further apart, does not support growth. Taken together, our work suggests that each kinetochore in vivo contains two Dam1 rings and that proper spacing between the rings is vital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Alex Zelter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Neil T Umbreit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Athena Bollozos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Michael Riffle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Richard Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The establishment of proper kinetochore-microtubule attachments facilitates faithful chromosome segregation. Incorrect attachments activate the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which blocks anaphase onset via recruitment of a cohort of SAC components (Mph1/MPS1, Mad1, Mad2, Mad3/BubR1, Bub1 and Bub3) to kinetochores. KNL1, a component of the outer kinetochore KMN network (KNL1/Mis12 complex/Ndc80 complex), acts as a platform for Bub1 and Bub3 localization upon its phosphorylation by Mph1/MPS1. The Ndc80 protein, a major microtubule-binding site, is critical for MPS1 localization to the kinetochores in mammalian cells. Here we characterized the newly isolated mutant ndc80-AK01 in fission yeast, which contains a single point mutation within the hairpin region. This hairpin connects the preceding calponin-homology domain with the coiled-coil region. ndc80-AK01 was hypersensitive to microtubule depolymerizing reagents with no apparent growth defects without drugs. Subsequent analyses indicated that ndc80-AK01 is defective in SAC signaling, as mutant cells proceeded into lethal cell division in the absence of microtubules. Under mitotic arrest conditions, all SAC components (Ark1/Aurora B, Mph1, Bub1, Bub3, Mad3, Mad2 and Mad1) did not localize to the kinetochore. Further genetic analyses indicated that the Ndc80 hairpin region might act as a platform for the kinetochore recruitment of Mph1, which is one of the most upstream SAC components in the hierarchy. Intriguingly, artificial tethering of Mph1 to the kinetochore fully restored checkpoint signaling in ndc80-AK01 cells, further substantiating the notion that Ndc80 is a kinetochore platform for Mph1. The hairpin region of Ndc80, therefore, plays a critical role in kinetochore recruitment of Mph1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ngang Heok Tang
- a The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields , London , United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Toda
- a The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields , London , United Kingdom.,b Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Y, Petrovic A, Rombaut P, Mosalaganti S, Keller J, Raunser S, Herzog F, Musacchio A. Insights from the reconstitution of the divergent outer kinetochore of Drosophila melanogaster. Open Biol 2016; 6:150236. [PMID: 26911624 PMCID: PMC4772808 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis is crucial for cellular and organismal viability. Kinetochores connect chromosomes with spindle microtubules and are essential for chromosome segregation. These large protein scaffolds emerge from the centromere, a specialized region of the chromosome enriched with the histone H3 variant CENP-A. In most eukaryotes, the kinetochore core consists of the centromere-proximal constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN), which binds CENP-A and contains 16 subunits, and of the centromere-distal Knl1 complex, Mis12 complex, Ndc80 complex (KMN) network, which binds microtubules and contains 10 subunits. In the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, the kinetochore underwent remarkable simplifications. All CCAN subunits, with the exception of centromeric protein C (CENP-C), and two KMN subunits, Dsn1 and Zwint, cannot be identified in this organism. In addition, two paralogues of the KMN subunit Nnf1 (Nnf1a and Nnf1b) are present. Finally, the Spc105R subunit, homologous to human Knl1/CASC5, underwent considerable sequence changes in comparison with other organisms. We combined biochemical reconstitution with biophysical and structural methods to investigate how these changes reflect on the organization of the Drosophila KMN network. We demonstrate that the Nnf1a and Nnf1b paralogues are subunits of distinct complexes, both of which interact directly with Spc105R and with CENP-C, for the latter of which we identify a binding site on the Mis12 subunit. Our studies shed light on the structural and functional organization of a highly divergent kinetochore particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Liu
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pascaline Rombaut
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Shyamal Mosalaganti
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jenny Keller
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße, 45141 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Agarwal S, Varma D. How the SAC gets the axe: Integrating kinetochore microtubule attachments with spindle assembly checkpoint signaling. Bioarchitecture 2015; 5:1-12. [PMID: 26430805 DOI: 10.1080/19490992.2015.1090669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis entails the bona fide segregation of duplicated chromosomes. This process is accomplished by the attachment of kinetochores on chromosomes to microtubules (MTs) of the mitotic spindle. Once the appropriate attachment is achieved, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that delays the premature onset of anaphase needs to be silenced for the cell to proceed to anaphase and cytokinesis. Therefore, while it is imperative to preserve the SAC when kinetochores are unattached, it is of paramount importance that SAC components are removed post kinetochore microtubule (kMT) attachment. Precise knowledge of how kMT attachments trigger the removal of SAC components from kinetochores or how the checkpoint proteins feedback in to the attachment machinery remains elusive. This review aims to describe the recent advances that provide an insight into the interplay of molecular events that coordinate and regulate the SAC activity in response to kMT attachment during cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University ; Chicago , IL USA
| | - Dileep Varma
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University ; Chicago , IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Altenfeld A, Wohlgemuth S, Wehenkel A, Vetter IR, Musacchio A. Complex assembly, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the human Rod-Zwilch-ZW10 (RZZ) complex. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:438-42. [PMID: 25849506 PMCID: PMC4388180 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15004343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The spindle-assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors kinetochore-microtubule attachment during mitosis. In metazoans, the three-subunit Rod-Zwilch-ZW10 (RZZ) complex is a crucial SAC component that interacts with additional SAC-activating and SAC-silencing components, including the Mad1-Mad2 complex and cytoplasmic dynein. The RZZ complex contains two copies of each subunit and has a predicted molecular mass of ∼800 kDa. Given the low abundance of the RZZ complex in natural sources, its recombinant reconstitution was attempted by co-expression of its subunits in insect cells. The RZZ complex was purified to homogeneity and subjected to systematic crystallization attempts. Initial crystals containing the entire RZZ complex were obtained using the sitting-drop method and were subjected to optimization to improve the diffraction resolution limit. The crystals belonged to space group P3₁ (No. 144) or P3₂ (No. 145), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 215.45, c = 458.7 Å, α = β = 90.0, γ = 120.0°.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Altenfeld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Annemarie Wehenkel
- Department `Genotoxic Stress and Cancer', Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 3348/INSERM U1005, Bâtiment 110, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Upon establishment of proper kinetochore–microtubule attachment, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) must be silenced to allow onset of anaphase, which is when sister chromatids segregate equally to two daughter cells. However, how proper kinetochore–microtubule attachment leads to timely anaphase onset remains elusive. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of chromosome movement during anaphase A remain unclear. In this study, we show that the fission yeast Alp7/TACC protein recruits a protein complex consisting of the kinesin-8 (Klp5–Klp6) and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) to the kinetochore upon kinetochore–microtubule attachment. Accumulation of this complex at the kinetochore, on the one hand, facilitates SAC inactivation through PP1, and, on the other hand, accelerates polewards chromosome movement driven by the Klp5–Klp6 motor. We identified an alp7 mutant that had specific defects in binding to the Klp5–Klp6–PP1 complex but with normal localisation to the microtubule and kinetochore. Consistent with our proposition, this mutant shows delayed anaphase onset and decelerated chromosome movement during anaphase A. We propose that the recruitment of kinesin-8–PP1 to the kinetochore through Alp7/TACC interaction plays a crucial role in regulation of timely mitotic progression and chromosome movement during anaphase A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngang Heok Tang
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Takashi Toda
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| |
Collapse
|