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Zhang L, Wei X. SynCAMs in Normal Vertebrate Neural Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: from the Perspective of the OCAs. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:358-371. [PMID: 37607992 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal synaptic junctions connect neurons to enable neuronal signal transmission in the nervous system. The proper establishment of synaptic connections required many adhesion molecules. Malfunctions of these adhesion molecules can result in neural development disorders and neuropsychiatric disorders. How specific synapses are established by various adhesion molecules for proper neural circuitry is a fundamental question of neuroscience. SynCAMs, also named CADMs, Necl, etc., are among the many adhesion proteins found in synapses. Here, we review the current understanding of the physical properties of SynCAMs and their roles in axon pathfinding, myelination, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. In addition, we discuss the involvement of SynCAMs in neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, we propose that SynCAM functions can be better viewed and understood from the perspective of orientational cell adhesions (OCAs). In particular, we discuss the possibilities of how SynCAMs can be regulated at the cell-type specific expression, transcription variants, posttranslational modification, and subcellular localization to modulate the diversity of SynCAMs as OCA molecules. Being major components of the synapses, SynCAMs continue to be an important research topic of neuroscience, and many outstanding questions are waiting to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiangyun Wei
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Developmental Biology, and Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Nozawa O, Miyata M, Shiotani H, Kameyama T, Komaki R, Shimizu T, Kuriu T, Kashiwagi Y, Sato Y, Koebisu M, Aiba A, Okabe S, Mizutani K, Takai Y. Necl2/3-mediated mechanism for tripartite synapse formation. Development 2023; 150:285820. [PMID: 36458527 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Ramified, polarized protoplasmic astrocytes interact with synapses via perisynaptic astrocyte processes (PAPs) to form tripartite synapses. These astrocyte-synapse interactions mutually regulate their structures and functions. However, molecular mechanisms for tripartite synapse formation remain elusive. We developed an in vitro co-culture system for mouse astrocytes and neurons that induced astrocyte ramifications and PAP formation. Co-cultured neurons were required for astrocyte ramifications in a neuronal activity-dependent manner, and synaptically-released glutamate and activation of astrocytic mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptor were likely involved in astrocyte ramifications. Astrocytic Necl2 trans-interacted with axonal Necl3, inducing astrocyte-synapse interactions and astrocyte functional polarization by recruiting EAAT1/2 glutamate transporters and Kir4.1 K+ channel to the PAPs, without affecting astrocyte ramifications. This Necl2/3 trans-interaction increased functional synapse number. Thus, astrocytic Necl2, synaptically-released glutamate and axonal Necl3 cooperatively formed tripartite glutamatergic synapses in vitro. Studies on hippocampal mossy fiber synapses in Necl3 knockout and Necl2/3 double knockout mice confirmed these previously unreported mechanisms for astrocyte-synapse interactions and astrocyte functional polarization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Nozawa
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hajime Shiotani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kameyama
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Komaki
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kuriu
- Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Research and Development Center, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kashiwagi
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuka Sato
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Michinori Koebisu
- Section of Animal Research and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Section of Animal Research and Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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Kobecki J, Gajdzis P, Mazur G, Chabowski M. Nectins and Nectin-like Molecules in Colorectal Cancer: Role in Diagnostics, Prognostic Values, and Emerging Treatment Options: A Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36553083 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, colorectal cancer was the third most common type of cancer worldwide with a clearly visible increase in the number of cases each year. With relatively high mortality rates and an uncertain prognosis, colorectal cancer is a serious health problem. There is an urgent need to investigate its specific mechanism of carcinogenesis and progression in order to develop new strategies of action against this cancer. Nectins and Nectin-like molecules are cell adhesion molecules that take part in a plethora of essential processes in healthy tissues as well as mediating substantial actions for tumor initiation and evolution. Our understanding of their role and a viable application of this in anti-cancer therapy has rapidly improved in recent years. This review summarizes the current data on the role nectins and Nectin-like molecules play in colorectal cancer.
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Mizutani K, Miyata M, Shiotani H, Kameyama T, Takai Y. Nectins and Nectin-like molecules in synapse formation and involvement in neurological diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 115:103653. [PMID: 34242750 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are interneuronal junctions which form neuronal networks and play roles in a variety of functions, including learning and memory. Two types of junctions, synaptic junctions (SJs) and puncta adherentia junctions (PAJs), have been identified. SJs are found at all excitatory and inhibitory synapses whereas PAJs are found at excitatory synapses, but not inhibitory synapses, and particularly well developed at hippocampal mossy fiber giant excitatory synapses. Both SJs and PAJs are mediated by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Major CAMs at SJs are neuroligins-neurexins and Nectin-like molecules (Necls)/CADMs/SynCAMs whereas those at PAJs are nectins and cadherins. In addition to synaptic PAJs, extrasynaptic PAJs have been identified at contact sites between neighboring dendrites near synapses and regulate synapse formation. In addition to SJs and PAJs, a new type of cell adhesion apparatus different from these junctional apparatuses has been identified and named nectin/Necl spots. One nectin spot at contact sites between neighboring dendrites at extrasynaptic regions near synapses regulates synapse formation. Several members of nectins and Necls had been identified as viral receptors before finding their physiological functions as CAMs and evidence is accumulating that many nectins and Necls are related to onset and progression of neurological diseases. We review here nectin and Necls in synapse formation and involvement in neurological diseases.
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Abstract
Nectins and nectin-like molecules (Necls)/Cadms are Ca(2+)-independent immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules, expressed in most cell types. Nectins mediate not only homotypic but also heterotypic cell-cell adhesion, in contrast to classic cadherins which participate only in homophilic adhesion. Nectins and Necls function in organogenesis of the eye, inner ear, tooth, and cerebral cortex and in a variety of developmental processes including spermatogenesis, axon guidance, synapse formation, and myelination. They are also involved in various diseases, such as viral infection, hereditary ectodermal dysplasia, Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, and cancer. Thus, nectins and Necls are crucial for both physiology and pathology. This review summarizes recent advances in research on these cell adhesion molecules in development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mori
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan; Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Japan.
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