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Zortéa T, da Silva AS, Dos Reis TR, Segat JC, Paulino AT, Sousa JP, Baretta D. Ecotoxicological effects of fipronil, neem cake and neem extract in edaphic organisms from tropical soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 166:207-214. [PMID: 30269016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary medicines are widely applied for the treatment and prevention of animal diseases. Consequently, animal manure contains significant amounts of environmental pollutants that are potential sources of environmental pollution when inappropriately applied in soils. This work aimed to evaluate ecotoxicological effects of doses of commercial fipronil, neem cake and neem extract in the survival and reproduction of earthworms (Eisenia andrei), enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus crypticus) and springtails (Folsomia candida) in Oxisol and tropical artificial soil (TAS). Applications of fipronil, neem cake and extract in soil were carried out according to standardized ISO methodologies by using a random experimental design with five replicates. Toxic effects of fipronil for springtails in Oxisol and TAS were observed with LC50 of 0.26 mg kg-1 (0.18-0.35 mg kg-1) and 0.29 mg kg-1 (0.22-0.37 mg kg-1), respectively. It was not observed significant toxic effects of fipronil for earthworms and enchytraeidae in both soils. However, significant amounts of juvenile earthworm and adult enchytraeidae decreased in fipronil doses higher than 10 mg kg-1. Neem cake and extract were not toxic for earthworms and enchytraeidae but, significant amounts of juvenile springtails decreased in neem cake doses from 500 to 1000 mg kg-1. It can be concluded that the use of veterinary medicines containing synthetic compounds for preventing diseases in animals needs to be controlled to avoid environmental pollution after applying manure in soil. Veterinary medicines containing natural compounds as neem cake and extract are eco-friendly and could be efficiently applied in soil in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talyta Zortéa
- Santa Catarina State University, Department of Zootechny, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680E, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro Schafer da Silva
- Santa Catarina State University, Department of Zootechny, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680E, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Tamires Rodrigues Dos Reis
- Santa Catarina State University, Department of Zootechny, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680E, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Julia Corá Segat
- Santa Catarina State University, Department of Zootechny, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680E, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Tadeu Paulino
- Santa Catarina State University, Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Pinhalzinho, SC, Brazil
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dilmar Baretta
- Santa Catarina State University, Department of Zootechny, Rua Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680E, 89815-630 Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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Benelli G, Buttazzoni L, Canale A, D'Andrea A, Del Serrone P, Delrio G, Foxi C, Mariani S, Savini G, Vadivalagan C, Murugan K, Toniolo C, Nicoletti M, Serafini M. Bluetongue outbreaks: Looking for effective control strategies against Culicoides vectors. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:263-270. [PMID: 28577491 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several arthropod-borne diseases are now rising with increasing impact and risks for public health, due to environmental changes and resistance to pesticides currently marketed. In addition to community surveillance programs and a careful management of herds, a next-generation of effective products is urgently needed to control the spread of these diseases, with special reference to arboviral ones. Natural product research can afford alternative solutions. Recently, a re-emerging of bluetongue disease is ongoing in Italy. Bluetongue is a viral disease that affects ruminants and is spread through the bite of bloodsucking insects, especially Culicoides species. In this review, we focused on the importance of vector control programs for prevention or bluetongue outbreaks, outlining the lack of effective tools in the fight against Culicoides vectors. Then, we analyzed a field case study in Sardinia (Italy) concerning the utilization of the neem cake (Azadirachta indica), to control young instar populations of Culicoides biting midges, the vectors of bluetongue virus. Neem cake is a cheap and eco-friendly by-product obtained from the extraction of neem oil. Overall, we propose that the employ of neem extraction by-products as aqueous formulations in muddy sites close to livestock grazing areas may represent an effective tool in the fight against the spread of bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luca Buttazzoni
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, CREA, Centro di Ricerca per la Zootecnia e l'Acquacoltura, CREA ZA, Sede di Monterotondo, Via Salaria 31, 00015 Monterotondo Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando D'Andrea
- C. R. ENEA Casaccia, UTEE, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. M. Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Del Serrone
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, CREA, Centro di Ricerca per la Zootecnia e l'Acquacoltura, CREA ZA, Sede di Monterotondo, Via Salaria 31, 00015 Monterotondo Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Delrio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Enrico de Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cipriano Foxi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Enrico de Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Susanna Mariani
- C. R. ENEA Casaccia, UTEE, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. M. Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Chithravel Vadivalagan
- Division of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India; Thiruvalluvar University (State University), Serkkadu, Vellore 632 115, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Nicoletti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Kumar D, Singh KP, Jaiswal RK. Effect of Fertilizers and Neem Cake Amendment in Soil on Spore Germination of Arthrobotrys dactyloides. Mycobiology 2005; 33:194-199. [PMID: 24049500 PMCID: PMC3774886 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2005.33.4.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Application of fertilizers such as urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP) and muriate of potash in soil adversely affected the spore germination of Arthrobotrys dactyloides. Amendment of soil with urea at the concentrations of 1.0%, 0.5% and 0.1% completely inhibited spore germination and direct trap formation on the conidium, whereas muriate of potash delayed and reduced the spore germination even at the lowest concentration. DAP also inhibited spore germination at 1.0% concentration, while at lower concentration the percentage of spore germination was reduced. Application of neem cake at the concentration of 0.5% also inhibited spore germination after 24 h of amendment. The inhibitory effect of neem cake was reduced after 15 days of amendment, while after 30 days after amendment the inhibitory effect was completely lost and the spore germinated by direct trap as in unamended soil. Nematodes were not attracted to ungerminated spores after 24 h of amendment. After 15 days of amendment nematodes were attracted to agar blocks containing fewer germinated spores after 24 h of incubation but after 48 h of incubation large number of nematodes were attracted and trapped by the germinated spores with direct traps. After 30 days of amendment, larger number of nematodes were attracted and trapped by direct traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kumar
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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