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Losada-Castillo I, Santiago-Pérez I, Juiz-Gonzalez PM, Méndez-Lage S, Purriños-Hermida MJ, Malvar A, Agulla-Budiño JA. Temporal progression of the distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in Galicia (Spain) and its relationship with resistance to antibiotics (period 2011-2021). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) 2024; 42:179-186. [PMID: 37117145 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Streptococcus pneumoniae causes serious diseases in the susceptible population. The 13-valent pneumococci conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was included in the children's calendar in 2011. The objective of the study was to analyze the evolution of pneumococcal serotypes and their resistance after PCV13. METHODS This study included the pneumococci serotyped in Galicia in 2011-2021. Antibiotic susceptibility was analyzed following EUCAST criteria. The data was analyzed in 3 sub-periods: initial (2011-2013), middle (2014-2017) and final (2018-2021). The prevalence of serotypes and their percentage of resistance to the most representative antibiotics were calculated. RESULTS A total of 2.869 isolates were included. Initially, 42.7% isolates presented capsular types included in PCV13, compared to 15.4% at the end. Those included in PCV20 and not in PCV13 and PCV15 were 12.5% at baseline and 41.3% at the end; 26.4% of the isolates throughout the study had serotypes not included in any vaccine. The prevalence of serotype 8 multiplied almost by 8 and that of 12F tripled. The 19A serotype was initially the most resistant, while the resistance of serotypes 11A and 15A increased throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of PCV13 in the pediatric population determined a change in pneumococcal serotypes towards those included in PCV20 and those not included in any vaccine. Serotype 19A was initially the most resistant and the 15A, not included in any vaccine, deserves special follow-up. Serotype 8, which increased the most, did not show remarkable resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Losada-Castillo
- Servizo de Calidade Asistencial, Dirección Xeral de Asistencia Sanitaria, Consellería de sanidade, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain.
| | - Isolina Santiago-Pérez
- Servizo de Epidemioloxía, Dirección Xeral de Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Susana Méndez-Lage
- Servizo de Microbioloxía, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Malvar
- Servizo de Epidemioloxía, Dirección Xeral de Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
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Hernando V, Suárez L, Gutiérrez G, López JC, Navarro-Soler R, Cabello A, Sanz J, Suarez-García I, Fernández MT, Losa JE, Pérez JL, Ramos-Ruperto L, Pérez-Elías MJ, Aayuni WBCE, Cuesta M, González G, Izquierdo A, Viloria L, López I, Martínez E, Castrillejo D, Jaume Amengual MG, Belmonte MA, Arraiza A, de la Torre J, Miqueleiz E, Marcos H, Ruiz-Algueró M, Villegas T, Simón L, Diaz A. Vaccination trends in people with HIV infection participanting in the hospital-based survey of patients infected with HIV, 2006-2021. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) 2023:S2529-993X(23)00246-0. [PMID: 37573244 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the trend in hepatitis A, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, tetanus and seasonal influenza vaccination in people with HIV infection and to analyse associated factors. METHODS The Hospital Survey of Patients with HIV, an annual cross-sectional study conducted on a fixed day (2006-2021), was used. Inpatients and outpatients were included. Trends in vaccination and associated factors were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 8643 participants were included. Vaccination rates increased to 65.3% for hepatitis A, 83.7% for hepatitis B, 49.3% for tetanus, 68.9% for pneumococcal and 74.5% for seasonal influenza in 2021. Factors positively associated with vaccination were older age for pneumococcal and influenza vaccination; higher educational level for hepatitis A and tetanus; living in a closed institutions or prison for tetanus, pneumococcal and influenza; and having acquired HIV through sex between men for hepatitis A, B and pneumococcal. In addition, being on antiretroviral treatment and having a high CD4 count were positively associated with vaccination for all these diseases. Factors inversely associated with vaccination were being older (hepatitis A, B and tetanus), being an immigrant (tetanus and seasonal influenza) and being an injection drug user/ex-user for hepatitis A and B. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination in people with HIV has increased in the study period. The results are in line with the recommendations in this population, although there is still room to reach the established vaccination indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hernando
- Unidad de Vigilancia de VIH, ITS y Hepatitis B y C. Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucia Suárez
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Epidemiología, DG de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos López
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Cabello
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y VIH, Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Sanz
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Suarez-García
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Emilio Losa
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pérez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Parla, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Ramos-Ruperto
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz/IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Wafa Ben Cheikh El Aayuni
- Coordinación de VIH/sida, Servicio de Promoción de la Salud y Prevención de la Enfermedad, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mar Cuesta
- Servicio de Salud Poblacional, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Salud, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Gustavo González
- Oficina de Coordinación VIH en Extremadura, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Mérida, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana Izquierdo
- Servicio de Epidemiología y Promoción de la Salud, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Servicio Canario de la Salud, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Luis Viloria
- Servicio de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Irene López
- Servicio de Prevención y Epidemiología del Plan Sobre Sida, Consejería de Sanidad y Consumo, Ceuta, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez
- Sección de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Consumo, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Daniel Castrillejo
- Servicio de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Sanidad y Consumo, Consejería de Bienestar Social y Sanidad, Melilla, Spain
| | - Maria Glòria Jaume Amengual
- Coordinación Autonómica de Drogas y de la Estrategia de Sida, Dirección General de Salut Pública i Consum, Conselleria de Salut, Família i Bienestar Social, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Belmonte
- Servicio de Promoción y Educación para la Salud, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Adicciones, Consejería de Salud, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Arraiza
- Programas de Salud, Dirección General, Osakidetza, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Javier de la Torre
- Coordinación del Plan Andaluz frente al VIH/SIDA y otras ITS, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmacéutica, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Estrella Miqueleiz
- Coordinación del Programa VIH/sida, Sección de Promoción de la Salud, Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Henar Marcos
- Servicio de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Enfermedades Transmisibles, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Algueró
- Unidad de Vigilancia de VIH, ITS y Hepatitis B y C. Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Villegas
- Unidad de Vigilancia de VIH, ITS y Hepatitis B y C. Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Simón
- Unidad de Vigilancia de VIH, ITS y Hepatitis B y C. Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asuncion Diaz
- Unidad de Vigilancia de VIH, ITS y Hepatitis B y C. Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Tobar-Marcillo M, Guerrero-Solís C, Pool-Valda GO, Irazoque-Palazuelos F, Muñoz-López S. Vaccination against influenza and pneumococus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed) 2023; 19:49-52. [PMID: 35570135 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against pathogens such as influenza or pneumococcus is widely recommended for patients with rheumatoid arthritis; the prevalence of adherence to these vaccination programmes in Mexico is not known. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, through the application of a survey to adult patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis treated in a tertiary hospital in Mexico City. RESULTS 227 patients were included, vaccination against influenza was found in 31.3% and against pneumococcus in 17.6% of patients, the main reasons for non-compliance with the vaccination schedule were related to ignorance and the recommendation by doctors not to do so. CONCLUSIONS Compliance with the recommended vaccination schedules in the studied population is lower than those reported in other populations. The most important interventions to improve coverage should be aimed at educating both patients and medical personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tobar-Marcillo
- Servicio de Reumatología, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Solís
- Servicio de Reumatología, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | - Sandra Muñoz-López
- Servicio de Reumatología, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
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Fernández-Prada M, Madroñal-Menéndez J, Martínez-Ortega C, Ramos-Martín P, Fernández-Noval F, Huerta-González I, Llorente-Pendás JL, Gómez-Martínez JR. Evaluation of vaccination coverage in cochlear implant patients at a referral hospital in Northern Spain. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp (Engl Ed) 2018; 70:336-341. [PMID: 30579509 DOI: 10.1016/j.otorri.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The risk of bacterial meningitis increases in cochlear implant patients. Therefore, pneumococcal, influenza and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination is indicated in this group. The aim of this study was to determine compliance with the vaccination calendar in patients implanted in a referral hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with cochlear implant operated between 2005 and 2015 were included. Vaccine coverage for seasonal influenza, Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate 13-serotypes and pneumococcal polysaccharide 23-serotypes was evaluated. The sample was divided into 2 age groups (<14 years and≥14 years). A univariate and bivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS Of the 153 patients studied (28.01% 0-13 years old and 71.9%≥14), only 2 (5.71%) had 100% adherence to the vaccination schedule, while 65.71% had compliance of 50% or less. Overall, vaccination coverage against the sequential pneumococcal pattern was 48.57%. The paediatric population exceeded 90% coverage for the vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate 13-serotypes while in those over 14 years of age it barely exceeded 50%. Influenza coverage was less than 40%. An inverse correlation was obtained between age and compliance, although not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination coverage in patients with cochlear implant is lower than expected. Close collaboration between Otolaryngology departments and the Vaccination Units is proposed as the main strategy for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández-Prada
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Hospital Vital Álvarez Buylla, Mieres, Asturias, España.
| | | | - Carmen Martínez-Ortega
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Hospital Valle del Nalón, Langreo, Asturias, España
| | - Pedro Ramos-Martín
- Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - Federico Fernández-Noval
- Servicio de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | - Ismael Huerta-González
- Servicio de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | - José Luis Llorente-Pendás
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
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Fernández-Prada M, Brandy-García AM, Rodríguez-Fonseca OD, Huerta-González I, Fernández-Noval F, Martínez-Ortega C. Evaluation of pneumococcal and influenza vaccination coverage in rheumatology patients receiving biological therapy in a regional referral hospital. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 16:97-102. [PMID: 29752214 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccination coverage for seasonal influenza and pneumococcus in rheumatology patients receiving biological treatment. To identify variables that predict vaccination adherence. MATERIAL AND METHOD Descriptive cross-sectional study. The study involved rheumatology patients who initiated biological therapy between 01/01/2016 and 12/31/2016 in a regional referral hospital. Variables included sociodemographic information, diagnostic data, treating physician, referral to the vaccine unit and vaccination against pneumococcus with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), as well as seasonal influenza (2016/17). Univariate, bivariate (Chi-square) and multivariate analysis (logistic regression) were performed. The differences were considered significant (P<.05) and the PASW v.18 software package was used. RESULTS In all, 222 patients were included. Vaccination coverage was: PCV13, 80.2%; PPSV23, 77.9%; influenza 2016/17, 78.8%; PCV13+PPSV23, 75.2%; PCV13+PPSV23+influenza 2016/17, 68.9%. Axial spondylitis had the highest coverage (>80%) for pneumococcal vaccination and combination of pneumococcal with influenza. Overall, 27% of the patients were not referred to the unit. The treating physician was associated with statistical significance in each vaccine alone or combined, but referral to the vaccine unit was independently associated with the highest vaccination coverage (P<.001) in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the scientific literature, we consider that the coverage of our patients against pneumococcus and influenza is high. Referral of these patients to the vaccine unit is the key to guarantee a correct immunization and to minimize some of the possible infectious adverse effects of biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández-Prada
- Unidad de Vacunas, Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | | | | | - Ismael Huerta-González
- Servicio de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | - Federico Fernández-Noval
- Servicio de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | - Carmen Martínez-Ortega
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Hospital Universitario Valle del Nalón, Riaño, Asturias, España
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Salinas-Botrán A, Martín-Rico P, Valdivia A, Pellicer Á, Esparcia Ó. [Positive urine pneumococcal antigen test and vaccination]. Med Clin (Barc) 2015; 146:346-7. [PMID: 26723946 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Although urine pneumococcal antigen is an useful test, it has false positives such as pneumococcal vaccination. MATERIAL AND METHODS Positive urine pneumococcal antigen in Hospital de Denia (January-February/2015). We studied epidemiological, radiological and microbiological variables as well as previous pneumococcal vaccination (neumo-23 and/or neumo-13). RESULTS Urine pneumococcal antigen test was positive in 12.4% of 385 cases. Only 33.3% of positive cases had pneumonia in chest X-ray, and 35.4% of patients had previous pneumococcal vaccination. In most cases (87.5%), an antibiotic was prescribed. CONCLUSIONS Pneumococcal vaccination can produce a false positive result in the urine pneumococcal antigen test in clinical practice, leading to an unnecessary prescription of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Valdivia
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital de Denia, Denia, Alicante, España
| | - Ángel Pellicer
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - Óscar Esparcia
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital de Denia, Denia, Alicante, España
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Usuf E, Badji H, Bojang A, Jarju S, Ikumapayi UN, Antonio M, Mackenzie G, Bottomley C. Pneumococcal carriage in rural Gambia prior to the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a population-based survey. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 20:871-9. [PMID: 25778937 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate pneumococcal colonisation before and after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in eastern Gambia. METHODS Population-based cross-sectional survey of pneumococcal carriage between May and August 2009 before the introduction of PCV into the Expanded Program on Immunization. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from all household members, but in selected households, only children aged 6-10 years were swabbed. This age group participated in an earlier trial of a nine-valent PCV between 2000 and 2004. RESULTS The prevalence of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in 2933 individuals was 72.0% in underfives (N = 515), 41.6% in children aged 5-17 (N = 1508) and 13.0% in adults ≥18 (N = 910) years. The age-specific prevalence of serotypes included in PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 was 24.7%, 26.6% and 46.8% among children <5 years of age; 8.5%, 9.2% and 17.7% among children 5-17 years; and 2.5%, 3.3% and 5.5% among adults ≥18 years. The most common serotypes were 6A (13.1%), 23F (7.6%), 3 (7.3%), 19F (7.1%) and 34 (4.6%). There was no difference in the overall carriage of pneumococci between vaccinated and unvaccinated children 8 years after the primary vaccination with three doses of PCV (48.3% vs. 41.1%). CONCLUSION Before the introduction of PCV, serotypes included in PCV13 accounted for about half the pneumococcal serotypes in nasopharyngeal carriage. Thus, the potential impact of PCV13 on pneumococcal disease in the Gambia is substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effua Usuf
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Henry Badji
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia.,Microbiology and Infection Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Grant Mackenzie
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Casas Maldonado F, Alfageme Michavila I, Barchilón Cohen VS, Peis Redondo JI, Vargas Ortega DA. [Pneumococcal vaccine recommendations in chronic respiratory diseases]. Semergen 2014; 40:313-25. [PMID: 25107494 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia is an acute respiratory infectious disease which has an incidence of 3-8 cases/1,000 inhabitants, and increases with age and comorbidities. The pneumococcus is the organism most frequently involved in community-acquired pneumonia in the adult (30-35%). Around 40% of patients with community-acquired pneumonia require hospital admission, and around 10% need to be admitted to an intensive care unit. The most serious forms of pneumococcal infection include invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), which covers cases of bacteremia (associated or not to pneumonia), meningitis, pleuritis, arthritis, primary peritonitis and pericarditis. Currently, the biggest problem with the pneumococcus is the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial agents, and its high morbimortality, despite the use of appropriate antibiotics and proper medical treatment. Certain underlying medical conditions increase the risk of IPD and its complications, especially, from the respiratory diseases point of view, smoking and chronic respiratory diseases. Pneumococcal disease, according to the WHO, is the first preventable cause of death worldwide in children and adults. Among the strategies to prevent IPD is vaccination. WHO considers that its universal introduction and implementation against pneumococcus is essential and a priority in all countries. There are currently 2 pneumococcal vaccines for adults: the 23 serotypes polysaccharide and conjugate 13 serotypes. The scientific societies represented here have worked to develop some recommendations, based on the current scientific evidence, regarding the pneumococcal vaccination in the immunocompetent adult with chronic respiratory disease and smokers at risk of suffering from IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Casas Maldonado
- Asociación de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica del Sur (NEUMOSUR), España.
| | | | | | - J I Peis Redondo
- Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN-Andalucía), España
| | - D A Vargas Ortega
- Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia (SEMG-Andalucía), España
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