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Zemniaçak ÂB, Ribeiro RT, Pinheiro CV, de Azevedo Cunha S, Tavares TQ, Castro ET, Leipnitz G, Wajner M, Amaral AU. In Vivo Intracerebral Administration of α-Ketoisocaproic Acid to Neonate Rats Disrupts Brain Redox Homeostasis and Promotes Neuronal Death, Glial Reactivity, and Myelination Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2496-2513. [PMID: 37910283 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is caused by severe deficiency of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex activity, resulting in tissue accumulation of branched-chain α-keto acids and amino acids, particularly α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) and leucine. Affected patients regularly manifest with acute episodes of encephalopathy including seizures, coma, and potentially fatal brain edema during the newborn period. The present work investigated the ex vivo effects of a single intracerebroventricular injection of KIC to neonate rats on redox homeostasis and neurochemical markers of neuronal viability (neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN)), astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)), and myelination (myelin basic protein (MBP) and 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase)) in the cerebral cortex and striatum. KIC significantly disturbed redox homeostasis in these brain structures 6 h after injection, as observed by increased 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein oxidation (reactive oxygen species generation), malondialdehyde levels (lipid oxidative damage), and carbonyl formation (protein oxidative damage), besides impairing the antioxidant defenses (diminished levels of reduced glutathione and altered glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase activities) in both cerebral structures. Noteworthy, the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and melatonin attenuated or normalized most of the KIC-induced effects on redox homeostasis. Furthermore, a reduction of NeuN, MBP, and CNPase, and an increase of GFAP levels were observed at postnatal day 15, suggesting neuronal loss, myelination injury, and astrocyte reactivity, respectively. Our data indicate that disruption of redox homeostasis, associated with neural damage caused by acute intracerebral accumulation of KIC in the neonatal period may contribute to the neuropathology characteristic of MSUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Beatris Zemniaçak
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Teixeira Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Vieira Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sâmela de Azevedo Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tailine Quevedo Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ediandra Tissot Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Atenção Integral à Saúde, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Avenida Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS, 99709-910, Brazil.
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Lauriano ER, Icardo JM, Zaccone D, Kuciel M, Satora L, Alesci A, Alfa M, Zaccone G. Expression patterns and quantitative assessment of neurochemical markers in the lung of the gray bichir, Polypterus senegalus (Cuvier, 1829). Acta Histochem 2015; 117:738-46. [PMID: 26362573 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical and functional studies of the autonomic innervation and the putative oxygen receptors-the neuroepithelial (NEC)-like cells of the bichirs are lacking. The present paper describes the distribution of both NEC-like cells and the polymorphous granular cells (PGCs) that populate the mucociliated epithelium of the lung in the air breathing fish Polypterus senegalus. By using confocal immunohistochemistry we determined the coexpression of specific neurochemical markers. Colocalization studies showed that 5HT is coexpressed with calbindin and nNOS in the NEC-like cells and PGCs, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is coexpressed with nNOS in both the two types of cells. Distribution of neurotransmitters (5HT, NO) and neurochemical marker ChAT is also investigated in the lung muscle. The role of these transmitters may be the autonomic control of circulation and respiration. However, the importance of these signals for the respiratory responses in the species studied is still not known. The present study also shows for the first time the simultaneous occurrence of piscidin 1 and 5HT in the PGCs. The function of these cells being equivalent to ones found in fish gill subepithelial parenchyma, is still not known. Due to the importance of piscidin 1 in local immune defense, more research is useful to understand a possible interaction of PGCs with immune response in the bichir lung.
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