Photochemical characterization of paddy water during rice cultivation: Formation of reactive intermediates for As(III) oxidation

Although the photochemical behavior of surface water and its effects on pollutant transformation have been studied extensively in recent years, the photochemistry of paddy water remains largely unknown. In this study, we examined the photochemical processes involving paddy water samples collected at four different cultivation stages of rice. Triplet dissolved organic matter (³DOM*), singlet oxygen (¹O₂), and hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) were found to be the dominant reactive intermediates (RIs), and their apparent quantum yields and steady-state concentrations were quantified. Compared with the typical surface water, quantum yields of ³DOM* and ^•OH were comparable, while quantum yields of ¹O₂ were about 2.4-6.7 times higher than those of surface water. Fluorescence emission-excitation matrix (EEM) spectra, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), and statistical analysis revealed that DOM properties and nitrite concentration were the main factor influencing RIs generation. The results suggest that DOM with lower molecular weight and humification extent generated more RIs, and nitrite contributed to 23.9%-100% of ^•OH generation. EEM and FTICR-MS data showed that DOM with more saturated and less aromatic formulas could produce more ³DOM* under the irradiation, while the polyphenolic components of DOM inhibited the formation of RIs. Moreover, RIs significantly enhanced arsenite (As(III)) oxidation with oxidation rate increased by 1.8-4.1 times in paddy water, and ^•OH and ³DOM* were the main RIs responsible for As(III) oxidation. This study provides new insight into the pathways of arsenite abiotic transformation in paddy soil and water.