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Dekant W, Antoniou EE, Bosch A, Bruer GG, Colnot T, Creutzenberg O, Drexel CP, Duffin R, Krueger N, Nolde J, Poland C, Schaudien D, Schuster TB, Stintz M, Weber K, Wessely B, Zeegers MP. Issues in the inhalation toxicity testing and hazard assessment for low density particulate materials such as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS). Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)00090-5. [PMID: 36806657 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation toxicity testing of particulate materials is mandated for classification. According to CLP, particulate materials should be tested as marketed and many particulate materials are marketed as non-respirable particles. However, OECD TG 413 requires exposure to particle sizes that are respirable and reach the alveoli. The requirement for exposure of rats to respirable particles is thus in contrast to CLP and requires the application of high shear forces. The exposure to artificially small particles causes a number of issues that hamper the interpretation of the results of the testing. These issues are aerosol altering in the exposure system, assessment of the adversity of the inflammatory lung responses, inclusion of recovery groups, and extrapolation of the results to humans exposed under occupational condition. In addition, effects of many particulate materials after testing according to OECD 413 are not intrinsic properties, but a general reaction of the lung to the deposited material, show very similar NOAECs for chemical diverse materials, and often are completely reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | - Axel Bosch
- Consultant Toxicology, 84503 Altötting, Germany
| | - Gustav Gerd Bruer
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Drexel
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Smart Materials, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nils Krueger
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Smart Materials, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Jürgen Nolde
- Grace Europe Holding GmbH, In der Hollerhecke 1, 67547 Worms, Germany
| | - Craig Poland
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Regulatory Compliance Limited, 6 Dryden Road, Loanhead, Midlothian EH20 9TY, UK
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias B Schuster
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Smart Materials, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Michael Stintz
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Umwelttechnik, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Klaus Weber
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Buchsweg 4, 4625 Oberbuchsiten, Hammerstrasse 49, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Benno Wessely
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Umwelttechnik, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- MBP Holding, Heerlen, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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