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Gottardo M, Bolzonella D, Adele Tuci G, Valentino F, Majone M, Pavan P, Battista F. Producing volatile fatty acids and polyhydroxyalkanoates from foods by-products and waste: A review. Bioresour Technol 2022; 361:127716. [PMID: 35926558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dairy products, extra virgin olive oil, red and white wines are excellent food products, appreciated all around the world. Their productions generate large amounts of by-products which urge for recycling and valorization. Moreover, another abundant waste stream produced in urban context is the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Wastes (OFMSW), whose global annual capita production is estimated at 85 kg. The recent environmental policies encourage their exploitation in a biorefinery loop to produce Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Typically, VFAs yields are high from cheese whey and OFMSW (0.55-0.90 gCOD_VFAs/gCOD), lower for Olive Mill and Winery Wastewaters. The VFAs conversion into PHAs can achieve values in the range 0.4-0.5 gPHA/gVSS for cheese whey and OFMSW, 0.6-0.7 gPHA/gVSS for winery wastewater, and 0.2-0.3 gPHA/gVSS for olive mill wastewaters. These conversion yields allowed to estimate a huge potential annual PHAs production of about 260 M tons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gottardo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venice, Italy
| | - David Bolzonella
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Via Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Adele Tuci
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venice, Italy
| | - Francesco Valentino
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Majone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Pavan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venice, Italy
| | - Federico Battista
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Via Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Ramires FA, Durante M, Maiorano G, Migoni D, Rampino P, Fanizzi FP, Perrotta C, Mita G, Grieco F, Bleve G. Industrial scale bio-detoxification of raw olive mill wastewaters by the use of selected microbial yeast and bacterial strains to obtain a new source for fertigation. J Environ Manage 2020; 265:110574. [PMID: 32421563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Olive Mill Wastewaters (OMWs) are one of the most important agro-industrial wastes of the Mediterranean Countries and the disposal by draining them onto land has been proved to be damaging for soils, plants and groundwater due to their polluting power. The present report describes a new method for bio-detoxification of undiluted fresh OMW based on the driven selection of aerobic yeasts and bacteria. The identified yeast Candida boidinii A5y and the bacterium Paenibacillus albidus R32b strains allowed the treatment of freshly produced raw OMW characterized by very high COD value and phenolic content, when applied as sequential inoculum. The treated OMW showed the absence of antimicrobial effects and a strongly reduction of phytotoxic activity on the germination of several plant seeds. The process was successfully validated on an industrial scale without any pre-treatment, dilution and/or supplementation of the raw waste. Bio-detoxified OMW produced by this sustainable and low-cost process would be suitable for new non-chemical fertigation or soilless applications. The described procedure represents a virtuous example of circular economy efficaciously applied for a depleting agri-food resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Ramires
- CNR - Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Unit of Lecce, Via Provincial Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Durante
- CNR - Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Unit of Lecce, Via Provincial Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - G Maiorano
- CNR - Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Unit of Lecce, Via Provincial Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - D Migoni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - P Rampino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - F P Fanizzi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - C Perrotta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - G Mita
- CNR - Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Unit of Lecce, Via Provincial Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - F Grieco
- CNR - Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Unit of Lecce, Via Provincial Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - G Bleve
- CNR - Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Unit of Lecce, Via Provincial Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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Mattonai M, Vinci A, Degano I, Ribechini E, Franceschi M, Modugno F. Olive mill wastewaters: quantitation of the phenolic content and profiling of elenolic acid derivatives using HPLC-DAD and HPLC/MS 2 with an embedded polar group stationary phase. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:3171-3175. [PMID: 30303396 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1522632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Olive mill wastewaters (OMWs) are important by-products of olive oil production. The wide availability and the forbidding economic costs of OMWs disposal have generated interest in their possible exploitation as a sustainable source of polyphenols. The development and optimisation of improved analytical methods for the detailed characterisation of polyphenol molecular profiles after production and during storage conditions are thus required. A new analytical method based on reverse-phase HPLC separation of polyphenols in OMWs on an embedded-polar group (EPG) stationary phase is proposed as an alternative to conventional C18 columns. The procedure was used for the quantitation of 11 polyphenols, using diode-array detection (DAD), and achieving quantitation limits equal to or lower than 0.1 µg g-1. The same chromatographic set-up, coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-Q-ToF), allowed us to identify hydroxytyrosyl esters of elenolic acid, whose relative abundance is proposed for monitoring the ageing of OMWs during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Andrea Vinci
- Laboratori ARCHA srl Unipersonale , Pisa , Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | | | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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Sounni F, Aissam H, Ghomari O, Merzouki M, Benlemlih M. Electrocoagulation of olive mill wastewaters to enhance biogas production. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 40:297-301. [PMID: 29124513 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the combination of electrocoagulation and anaerobic co-digestion of olive mill wastewaters (OMWW) with other substrates, such as chicken manure, in a continuous stirred tank reactor for biogas production. RESULTS Anaerobic digestion of OMWW treated by electrocoagulation allowed higher production of biogas, up to 0.74 l biogas g-1 COD introduced compared to untreated or diluted olive mill wastewaters (OMWW) (0.37 and 0.6 l biogas g-1 COD) respectively. Pretreated OMWW co-digested with chicken manure at different volumic ratios OMWW/manure in a continuous stirred tank reactor under mesophilic conditions revealed that OMWW/manure (7:3 v/v) was optimal for biogas production and process stability. CONCLUSION Anaerobic digestion could achieve promising results in depollution and valorization of OMWW under a continuous stirred tank reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Sounni
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Halah Aissam
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Oumaima Ghomari
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Merzouki
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Benlemlih
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
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Sarris D, Stoforos NG, Mallouchos A, Kookos IK, Koutinas AA, Aggelis G, Papanikolaou S. Production of added-value metabolites by Yarrowia lipolytica growing in olive mill wastewater-based media under aseptic and non-aseptic conditions. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:695-709. [PMID: 32624815 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica ACA-YC 5033 was grown on glucose-based media in which high amounts of olive mill wastewaters (OMWs) had been added. Besides shake-flask aseptic cultures, trials were also performed in previously pasteurized media while batch bioreactor experiments were also done. Significant decolorization (∼58%) and remarkable removal of phenolic compounds (∼51% w/w) occurred, with the latter being amongst the highest ones reported in the international literature, as far as yeasts were concerned during their growth on phenol-containing media. In nitrogen-limited flask fermentations the microorganism produced maximum citric acid quantity ≈19.0 g/L [simultaneous yield of citric acid produced per unit of glucose consumed (YCit/Glc)≈0.74 g/g]. Dry cell weight (DCW) values decreased at high phenol-containing media, but, on the other hand, the addition of OMWs induced reserve lipid accumulation. Maximum citric acid concentration achieved (≈52.0 g/L; YCit/Glc≈0.64 g/g) occurred in OMW-based high sugar content media (initial glucose added at ≈80.0 g/L). The bioprocess was successfully simulated by a modified logistic growth equation. A satisfactory fitting on the experimental data occurred while the optimized parameter values were found to be similar to those experimentally measured. Finally, a non-aseptic (previously pasteurized) trial was performed and its comparison with the equivalent aseptic experiment revealed no significant differences. Yarrowia lipolytica hence can be considered as a satisfactory candidate for simultaneous OMWs bioremediation and the production of added-value compounds useful for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Sarris
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Agricultural University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Stoforos
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Agricultural University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Athanasios Mallouchos
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Agricultural University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Ioannis K Kookos
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Patras Patras Greece
| | - Apostolis A Koutinas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Agricultural University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - George Aggelis
- Department of Biology Division of Genetics, Cell and Development Biology University of Patras Patras Greece
| | - Seraphim Papanikolaou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Agricultural University of Athens Athens Greece
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Kavvadias V, Elaiopoulos K, Theocharopoulos S, Soupios P. Fate of Potential Contaminants Due to Disposal of Olive Mill Wastewaters in Unprotected Evaporation Ponds. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 98:323-330. [PMID: 27663444 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of olive mill wastewaters (OMW) in shallow and unprotected evaporation ponds is a common, low-cost management practice, followed in Mediterranean countries. So far, the fate of potential soil pollutants in areas located near evaporation ponds is not adequately documented. This study investigates the extent in which the long-term disposal of OMW in evaporation ponds can affect the soil properties of the area located outside the evaporation pond and assesses the fate of the pollution loads of OMW. Four soil profiles situated outside and around the down slope side of the disposal area were excavated. The results showed considerable changes in concentration of soil phenols at the down-site soil profiles, due to the subsurface transport of the OMW. In addition, excessive concentrations of NH4+, PO43- and phenols were recorded in liquid samples taken from inside at the bottom of the soil profiles. It is concluded that unprotected evaporation ponds located in light texture soils pose a serious threat to favour soil and water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kavvadias
- Department of Soil Science of Athens, Institute of Soil and Water Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, 1 Sof. Venizelou Str., Lykovrissi, 141 23, Attiki, Greece.
| | - K Elaiopoulos
- Department of Soil Science of Athens, Institute of Soil and Water Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, 1 Sof. Venizelou Str., Lykovrissi, 141 23, Attiki, Greece
| | - Sid Theocharopoulos
- Department of Soil Science of Athens, Institute of Soil and Water Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, 1 Sof. Venizelou Str., Lykovrissi, 141 23, Attiki, Greece
| | - P Soupios
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, 3 Romanou, Chalepa, 73133, Chania, Crete, Greece
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Daâssi D, Lozano-Sánchez J, Borrás-Linares I, Belbahri L, Woodward S, Zouari-Mechichi H, Mechichi T, Nasri M, Segura-Carretero A. Olive oil mill wastewaters: phenolic content characterization during degradation by Coriolopsis gallica. Chemosphere 2014; 113:62-70. [PMID: 25065791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Olive mill wastewaters (OMW) pose a serious environmental concern owing to high polyphenol content. Decolorization and degradation of phenolic compounds (PC) by Coriolopsis gallica was demonstrated in our laboratory as a potential biotreatment of OMW in solid and liquid media. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze the evolution of the main phenolic compounds during the C. gallica biodegradation process. Amongst total the compounds characterized in methanolic extracts of OMW, 12 were unknown, 15 were from different polyphenolic families, and 27 were other non-phenolic compounds. The evolution of PC content during the degradation process indicated that, despite the complexity of the OMW phenolic fraction, C. gallica was able to grow on OMW-based media using PC as sources of carbon and energy, particularly acids, alcohols, lignans and flavones. Complete dephenolization of OMW was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalel Daâssi
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 4,5, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jesus Lozano-Sánchez
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Functional Food Research and Development Center, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, E-18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Borrás-Linares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Functional Food Research and Development Center, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, E-18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Steve Woodward
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Héla Zouari-Mechichi
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 4,5, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tahar Mechichi
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 4,5, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Moncef Nasri
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 4,5, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Functional Food Research and Development Center, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, E-18100 Granada, Spain
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El-Abbassi A, Kiai H, Hafidi A. Phenolic profile and antioxidant activities of olive mill wastewater. Food Chem 2011; 132:406-12. [PMID: 26434308 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Olive trees play an important role in the Moroccan agro-economy, providing both employment and export revenue. However, the olive oil industry generates large amounts of wastes and wastewaters. The disposal of these polluting by-products is a significant environmental problem that needs an adequate solution. On one hand, the phytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of olive mill wastewaters are mainly due to their phenolic content. The hydrophilic character of the polyphenols results in the major proportion of natural phenols being separated into the water phase during the olive processing. On other hand, the health benefits arising from a diet containing olive oil have been attributed to its richness in phenolic compounds that act as natural antioxidants and are thought to contribute to the prevention of heart diseases and cancers. Olive mill wastewater (OMW) samples have been analysed in terms of their phenolic constituents and antioxidant activities. The total phenolic content, flavonoids, flavanols, and proanthocyanidins were determined. The antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of phenolic extracts and microfiltred samples was evaluated using different tests (iron(II) chelating activity, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH assays and lipid peroxidation test). The obtained results reveal the considerable antioxidant capacity of the OMW, that can be considered as an inexpensive potential source of high added value powerful natural antioxidants comparable to some synthetic antioxidants commonly used in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelilah El-Abbassi
- Food Science Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-Semalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, 40090 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Hajar Kiai
- Food Science Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-Semalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, 40090 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdellatif Hafidi
- Food Science Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-Semalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, 40090 Marrakech, Morocco.
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9
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Cardoso SM, Falcão SI, Peres AM, Domingues MRM. Oleuropein/ligstroside isomers and their derivatives in Portuguese olive mill wastewaters. Food Chem 2011; 129:291-296. [PMID: 30634229 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Olive mill wastewaters (OMW) are a potential source of biophenols, but they have a complex composition with many unknown phenolics. The analysis of purified methanol extracts from two Portuguese OMW by electrospray mass spectrometry in the negative mode showed [M-H]- ions at m/z 539 and m/z 523, corresponding respectively to oleuropein and ligstroside isomers which contain the glucose unit linked to its aromatic moiety. Also, the fragmentation pathway of the [M-H]- ions at m/z 863, 685 and 847 indicated the presence of a diglucoside derivative of the oleuropein isomer and of mono- and diglucosides of the ligstroside isomer, respectively. Moreover, the two OMW samples contained an elenoic derivative of the ion at m/z 685 and a degradation product (m/z 453) of the [M-H]- ion at m/z 523. Future studies focusing on the abundance of these compounds on OMW, as well as their bioactivities, will determine their possible industrial exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Cardoso
- CERNAS - Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3040-316 Coimbra, Portugal; CIMO - Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Sta. Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Soraia I Falcão
- CIMO - Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Sta. Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M Peres
- CIMO - Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Sta. Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal; LSRE - Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Sta. Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria R M Domingues
- Centro de Espectrometria de Massa, QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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