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Huang CS, Liao HT, Lu SH, Chan CC, Wu CF. Identifying and quantifying PM 2.5 pollution episodes with a fusion method of moving window technique and constrained Positive Matrix Factorization. Environ Pollut 2022; 315:120382. [PMID: 36220571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 pollution episodes rapidly and significantly deteriorate the air quality and are a critical concern worldwide. This study developed a fusion method based on the moving window dataset technique and constrained Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to differentiate and characterize potential factors in a PM2.5 episode case assuming having one new contributor. The hourly PM2.5 compositions of elements, ions and carbonaceous components, were collected from September to December 2020 in Taipei, Taiwan. Constraint targets based on the bootstrap analysis result of a PMF model using a long-term input dataset were imposed on the modeling of each moving window to ensure similar features of the retrieved factors. The constituents of an additionally differentiated factor to the episode, which was identified as regional transport, were stable among each moving window that covered the occurrence of the episode as revealed by the profile matching index. The results showed that the largest contributor to the PM2.5 mass during the episode period of 12/12/2020 was regional transport (61%), whereas that of 12/13 was the regular pollution of industry/ammonium sulfate related (43%). According to our review of the literature, this study is the first to apply both the moving window technique and constrained PMF to characterize the episode. The findings provide valuable information that can be used to explore the causes of PM2.5 episodes and implement air pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Tang Liao
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Hao Lu
- LE & DER Instrument Co. Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fu Wu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Esposito M, Piermattei A, Bresciani S, Orlandini LC, Falco MD, Giancaterino S, Cilla S, Ianiro A, Nigro R, Botez L, Riccardi S, Fidanzio A, Greco F, Villaggi E, Russo S, Stasi M. Improving dose delivery accuracy with EPID in vivo dosimetry: results from a multicenter study. Strahlenther Onkol 2021; 197:633-643. [PMID: 33594471 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-021-01749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate critical aspects and effectiveness of in vivo dosimetry (IVD) tests obtained by an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) in a multicenter and multisystem context. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight centers with three commercial systems-SoftDiso (SD, Best Medical Italy, Chianciano, Italy), Dosimetry Check (DC, Math Resolution, LCC), and PerFRACTION (PF, Sun Nuclear Corporation, SNC, Melbourne, FL)-collected IVD results for a total of 2002 patients and 32,276 tests. Data are summarized for IVD software, radiotherapy technique, and anatomical site. Every center reported the number of patients and tests analyzed, and the percentage of tests outside of the tolerance level (OTL%). OTL% was categorized as being due to incorrect patient setup, incorrect use of immobilization devices, incorrect dose computation, anatomical variations, and unknown causes. RESULTS The three systems use different approaches and customized alert indices, based on local protocols. For Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) treatments OTL% mean values were up to 8.9% for SD, 18.0% for DC, and 16.0% for PF. Errors due to "anatomical variations" for head and neck were up to 9.0% for SD and DC and 8.0% for PF systems, while for abdomen and pelvis/prostate treatments were up to 9%, 17.0%, and 9.0% for SD, DC, and PF, respectively. The comparison among techniques gave 3% for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy, 7.0% (range 4.7-8.9%) for VMAT, 10.4% (range 7.0-12.2%) for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, and 13.2% (range 8.8-21.0%) for 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy. CONCLUSION The results obtained with different IVD software and among centers were consistent and showed an acceptable homogeneity. EPID IVD was effective in intercepting important errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Esposito
- S. C. Fisica Sanitaria Firenze-Empoli, Medical Physics Unit of Radiation Oncology Dept., Azienda Sanitaria USL Toscana Centro Florence, Via dell'Antella 58, 50012, Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze, Italy.
| | - A Piermattei
- UOC di Fisica Sanitaria, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Bresciani
- Medical Physics, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - L C Orlandini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - M D Falco
- Dipartimento di Radioterapia, Università di Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Giancaterino
- Dipartimento di Radioterapia, Università di Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Cilla
- Medical Physics Unit, Fondazione di ricerca e cura "Giovanni Paolo II", Campobasso, Italy
| | - A Ianiro
- Medical Physics Unit, Fondazione di ricerca e cura "Giovanni Paolo II", Campobasso, Italy
| | - R Nigro
- OGP S. Camillo de Lellis, Rieti, Italy
| | - L Botez
- Medical Physics, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | | | - A Fidanzio
- UOC di Fisica Sanitaria, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - F Greco
- UOC di Fisica Sanitaria, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - S Russo
- S. C. Fisica Sanitaria Firenze-Empoli, Azienda Sanitaria USL Toscana Centro Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Stasi
- S.C. Fisica Sanitaria, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Psanis C, Triantafyllou E, Giamarelou M, Manousakas M, Eleftheriadis K, Biskos G. Particulate matter pollution from aviation-related activity at a small airport of the Aegean Sea Insular Region. Sci Total Environ 2017; 596-597:187-193. [PMID: 28432908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented growth in aviation during the last years has resulted in a notable increase of local air pollution related to airports. The impacts of aviation on air quality can be extremely high particularly around airports serving remote insular regions with pristine atmospheric environments. Here we report measurements that show how the atmospheric aerosol is affected by the activity at a small airport in a remote region. More specifically, we provide measurements performed at the airport of Mytilene, Greece, a regional yet international airport that serves the entire island of Lesvos; the third largest island of the country. The measurements show that the activity during landing, taxiing and take-off of the aircrafts accounted for up to a 10-fold increase in particulate matter (PM) mass concentration in the vicinity of the airport. The number concentration of particles having diameters from 10 to 500nm also increased from ca. 4×102 to 8×105particlescm-3, while the mean particle diameter decreased to 20nm when aircrafts were present at the airport. Elemental analysis on particle samples collected simultaneously at the airport and at a remote site 3km away, showed that the former were significantly influenced by combustion sources, and specifically from the engines of the aircrafts. Our results show that despite their small size, local airports serving remote insular regions should be considered as important air pollution hotspots, raising concerns for the exposure of the people working and leaving in their vicinities to hazardous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Psanis
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - E Triantafyllou
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - M Giamarelou
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - M Manousakas
- Environmental Radioactivity Lab, Demokritos National Center of Scientific Research, Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity Lab, Demokritos National Center of Scientific Research, Institute of Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - G Biskos
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628-CN, The Netherlands; Energy Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus.
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Johnson EE, Rehmann L. The role of 1,3-propanediol production in fermentation of glycerol by Clostridium pasteurianum. Bioresour Technol 2016; 209:1-7. [PMID: 26946434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Waste crude glycerol from biodiesel production can be used to produce biobutanol using Clostridium pasteurianum with the main products being n-butanol, 1,3-propanediol (PDO) and ethanol. There has been much discrepancy and mystery around the cause and effect of process parameters on the product distribution, thus a better understanding of the pathway regulation is required. This study shows that as process pH decreased, the rate of cell growth and CO2 production also decreased, resulting in slower fermentations, increased duration of butanol production and higher butanol concentrations and yields. The production rate of PDO was multi-modal and the role of PDO appears to function in redox homeostasis. The results also showed that C. pasteurianum displayed little biphasic behavior when compared to Clostridia spp. typically used in ABE fermentation due to the alternative glycolysis-independent reductive pathway of PDO production, rendering it suitable for a continuous fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Johnson
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Lars Rehmann
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Biochemical Engineering, AVT - Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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