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Frew E, Sainty R, Chappell-Maor L, Bone C, Daskeviciute D, Russell S, Buhigas C, Iglesias-Platas I, Lartey J, Monk D. Differential expression of PPP1R12A transcripts, including those harbouring alternatively spliced micro-exons, in placentae from complicated pregnancies. Placenta 2024; 151:1-9. [PMID: 38615553 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placenta-associated pregnancy complications, including pre-eclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are conditions postulated to originate from initial failure of placentation, leading to clinical sequelae indicative of endothelial dysfunction. Vascular smooth muscle aberrations have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of both disorders via smooth muscle contractility and relaxation mediated by Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase (MLCP) and the oppositional contractile action of Myosin Light Chain Kinase. PPP1R12A is a constituent part of the MLCP complex responsible for dephosphorylation of myosin fibrils. We hypothesize that alternative splicing of micro-exons result in isoforms lacking the functional leucine zipper (LZ) domain which may give those cells expressing these alternative transcripts a tendency towards contraction and vasoconstriction. METHODS Expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Epigenetic profiling consisted of bisulphite-based DNA methylation analysis and ChIP for underlying histone modifications. RESULTS We identified several novel transcripts with alternative micro-exon inclusion that would produce LZ- PPP1R12A protein. qRT-PCR revealed some isoforms, including the PPP1R12A canonical transcript, are differentially expressed in placenta biopsies from PE and IUGR samples compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. DISCUSSION We propose that upregulation of PPP1R12A expression in complicated pregnancies may be due to enhanced promoter activity leading to increased transcription as a response to physiological stress in the placenta, which we show is independent of promoter DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Frew
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Rebecca Sainty
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Louise Chappell-Maor
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Caitlin Bone
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Dagne Daskeviciute
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sarah Russell
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Claudia Buhigas
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Isabel Iglesias-Platas
- Neonatal Unit, Institut de Recerca, Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Neonatal Research, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Jon Lartey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - David Monk
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Diao Y, Sun W, Zhang Z, Zhao B, Chen X. Clinical report and genetic analysis of a neonate with genitourinary and/or brain malformation syndrome caused by a non-coding sequence variant of PPP1R12A. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2223. [PMID: 37272772 PMCID: PMC10568382 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genitourinary and/or brain malformation syndrome (GUBS) is a recently discovered syndrome involving abnormalities of the neurological or urogenital system. PPP1R12A may be the pathological gene causing this syndrome. Currently, to our knowledge, there is only one study related to GUBS in the world. Here, we report a clinical case of a Chinese newborn with congenital micropenis caused by a non-coding sequence pathogenic variant of PPP1R12A, providing additional evidence on genetic causes of genital malformation. METHODS The genetic cause of the patient's malformation was detected using trio-whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing, and reverse transcription-PCR analysis was performed by constructing the minigene mutant plasmid in vitro. RESULTS Genetic testing revealed a novel heterozygous variant, c.2666+3A>G, of the PPP1R12A gene of the patient. The parents at this site were wild-type, indicating that this might be a de novo variant. The minigene experiment showed that the c.2666+3A>G plasmid led to the deletion of 17 bp in exon 20, and a new mRNA product c.2650_2666del (p.Thr884IleTer2) with skipping of exon 20 was produced. This may lead to PPP1R12A haploinsufficiency and cause biological harm. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first clinical study on a rare variant of PPP1R12A in the Chinese population. The c.2666+3A>G may lead to external genitalia malformation, such as congenital micropenis in male neonates. The results of this study further verified the correlation between GUBS and PPP1R12A haploinsufficiency and revealed the important role of a non-coding sequence variant in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Diao
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Beijing Chigene Translational Medicine Research Center Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of PediatricsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical CollegeBengbuChina
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Kono A, Shinya K, Nakayama T, Shikata E, Yamamoto T, Kawana K. Haplotype-based, case-control study of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 ( PPP1R12A) gene and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy 2021; 40:88-96. [PMID: 33459569 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2021.1872613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are thought to be a multifactorial genetic disease. Myosin light chain phosphorylation, which is involved in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction and relaxation and thus contributes to the maintenance of blood pressure, is related to HDP. The official symbol of the gene for the production of MYPT1 protein is PPP1R12A gene. Thus, we investigated the possibility that the PPP1R12A gene is related to HDP. Methods: Subjects were 194 pregnant women with HDP and a control group of 262 pregnant women from those women examined. Four SNVs (rs7296839, rs11114256, rs2596793, and rs2694657) were selected from the PPP1R12A gene region. The HDP group was divided according to disease type, and each group was analyzed in comparison with the control group. Results: In the association analysis using the PPP1R12A gene, there were significant differences between the control group and the superimposed preeclampsia (SPE) group for rs11114256 in allele frequency distribution (P = 0.017) and genome frequency distribution in the dominant model (P = 0.014), and for rs2694657 genotype distribution frequency in the recessive model (P = 0.018). In the association analysis using haplotypes, there was a significant difference for G-A-A-G (rs7296839-rs11114256-rs2596793-rs2694657). In an analysis of haplotype-based case-control study, there was a significant difference for G-A-A-G between the control group (0.00%) and the HDP group (2.46%) (P = 0.038). Furthermore, the G-T-A-G haplotype was significantly higher in SPE group than in control group (P = 0.011). Conclusions: The implication is that the PPP1R12A gene may be a disease-susceptibility gene for SPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Shinya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elisa Shikata
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
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Niclass T, Le Guyader G, Beneteau C, Joubert M, Pizzuti A, Giuffrida MG, Bernardini L, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Bilan F, Egloff M. 12q21 deletion syndrome: Narrowing the critical region down to 1.6 Mb including SYT1 and PPP1R12A. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2133-2138. [PMID: 32633079 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Deletions in the 12q21 region are rare and non-recurrent CNVs. To date, only 11 patients with deletions in this region have been reported in the literature. These patients most often presented with syndromic intellectual deficiency, ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus, ectodermal abnormalities, growth retardation and renal and cardiac malformations, suggesting a recognizable microdeletion syndrome. We report three new patients with overlapping deletions of the 12q21 region, including the smallest deletion reported to date and the first case characterized by array CGH during pregnancy. We describe specific clinical findings and shared facial features as developmental delay, ectodermal abnormalities, ventriculomegaly or hydrocephalus, axial hypotonia or spastic diplegia, growth retardation, heart defect, hydronephrosis, ureteral reflux or horseshoe kidney, large thorax or pectus excavatum, syndactyly of 2-3 toes, pterygium coli or excess nuchal skin, large anterior fontanel, low set ears, prominent forehead, short-upturned nose with nostril hypoplasia, microretrognathia and hypertelorism. These new patients and a comprehensive review of the literature allow us to define a minimum critical region spanning 1.6 Mb in 12q21. By screening the critical region using prediction tools, we identified two candidate genes: SYT1and PPP1R12A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Niclass
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gwenael Le Guyader
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,EA 3808 NEUVACOD, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Claire Beneteau
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Madeleine Joubert
- Department of Anatomic and Fetal Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Medical Genetics, Policlinico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giuffrida
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Cytogenetics Unit, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Laura Bernardini
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Cytogenetics Unit, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Brigitte Gilbert-Dussardier
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,EA 3808 NEUVACOD, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frederic Bilan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,EA 3808 NEUVACOD, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Matthieu Egloff
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, INSERM, Poitiers, France
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Benvenuto G, Todeschini P, Paracchini L, Calura E, Fruscio R, Romani C, Beltrame L, Martini P, Ravaggi A, Ceppi L, Sales G, Donati F, Perego P, Zanotti L, Ballabio S, Grassi T, Delle Marchette M, Tognon G, Sartori E, Adorni M, Odicino F, D'Incalci M, Bignotti E, Romualdi C, Marchini S. Expression profiles of PRKG1, SDF2L1 and PPP1R12A are predictive and prognostic factors for therapy response and survival in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:565-574. [PMID: 32096871 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGS-EOCs) is generally sensitive to front-line platinum (Pt)-based chemotherapy although most patients at an advanced stage relapse with progressive resistant disease. Clinical or molecular data to identify primary resistant cases at diagnosis are not yet available. HGS-EOC biopsies from 105 Pt-sensitive (Pt-s) and 89 Pt-resistant (Pt-r) patients were retrospectively selected from two independent tumor tissue collections. Pathway analysis was done integrating miRNA and mRNA expression profiles. Signatures were further validated in silico on a cohort of 838 HGS-EOC cases from a published dataset. In all, 131 mRNAs and 5 miRNAs belonging to different functionally related molecular pathways distinguish Pt-s from Pt-r cases. Then, 17 out of 23 selected elements were validated by orthogonal approaches (SI signature). As resistance to Pt is associated with a short progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), the prognostic role of the SI signature was assessed, and 14 genes associated with PFS and OS, in multivariate analyses (SII signature). The prognostic value of the SII signature was validated in a third extensive cohort. The expression profiles of SDF2L1, PPP1R12A and PRKG1 genes (SIII signature) served as independent prognostic biomarkers of Pt-response and survival. The study identified a prognostic molecular signature based on the combined expression profile of three genes which had never been associated with the clinical outcome of HGS-EOC. This may lead to early identification, at the time of diagnosis, of patients who would not greatly benefit from standard chemotherapy and are thus eligible for novel investigational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Todeschini
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lara Paracchini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrica Calura
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Robert Fruscio
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Beltrame
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Martini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ceppi
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sales
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Donati
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Laura Zanotti
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Ballabio
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Grassi
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Martina Delle Marchette
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Germana Tognon
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Sartori
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Adorni
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Franco Odicino
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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Hughes JJ, Alkhunaizi E, Kruszka P, Pyle LC, Grange DK, Berger SI, Payne KK, Masser-Frye D, Hu T, Christie MR, Clegg NJ, Everson JL, Martinez AF, Walsh LE, Bedoukian E, Jones MC, Harris CJ, Riedhammer KM, Choukair D, Fechner PY, Rutter MM, Hufnagel SB, Roifman M, Kletter GB, Delot E, Vilain E, Lipinski RJ, Vezina CM, Muenke M, Chitayat D. Loss-of-Function Variants in PPP1R12A: From Isolated Sex Reversal to Holoprosencephaly Spectrum and Urogenital Malformations. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:121-8. [PMID: 31883643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In two independent ongoing next-generation sequencing projects for individuals with holoprosencephaly and individuals with disorders of sex development, and through international research collaboration, we identified twelve individuals with de novo loss-of-function (LoF) variants in protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 12a (PPP1R12A), an important developmental gene involved in cell migration, adhesion, and morphogenesis. This gene has not been previously reported in association with human disease, and it has intolerance to LoF as illustrated by a very low observed-to-expected ratio of LoF variants in gnomAD. Of the twelve individuals, midline brain malformations were found in five, urogenital anomalies in nine, and a combination of both phenotypes in two. Other congenital anomalies identified included omphalocele, jejunal, and ileal atresia with aberrant mesenteric blood supply, and syndactyly. Six individuals had stop gain variants, five had a deletion or duplication resulting in a frameshift, and one had a canonical splice acceptor site loss. Murine and human in situ hybridization and immunostaining revealed PPP1R12A expression in the prosencephalic neural folds and protein localization in the lower urinary tract at critical periods for forebrain division and urogenital development. Based on these clinical and molecular findings, we propose the association of PPP1R12A pathogenic variants with a congenital malformations syndrome affecting the embryogenesis of the brain and genitourinary systems and including disorders of sex development.
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Gupta S, Sosa CP, Kosari F, Folpe A, Bhinge KN, Yang L, Agahi A, Johnson SH, Frank I, Boorjian SA, Hansel DE, Al-Ahmadie HA, Reuter VE, Vasmatzis G, Jimenez RE, Herrera-Hernandez L, Cheville JC. A comparison of adult rhabdomyosarcoma and high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder reveals novel PPP1R12A fusions in rhabdomyosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2019; 88:48-59. [PMID: 30946934 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Some rhabdomyosarcomas and sarcomatoid carcinomas with heterologous rhabdomyosarcomatous elements resemble high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma, creating a diagnostic difficulty. The purpose of this study was to characterize the overlap of adult genitourinary rhabdomyosarcomas, excluding those occurring at paratesticular sites, with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma and identify features helpful in their separation. Seventeen cases of rhabdomyosarcoma (11 from the urinary bladder and 3 each from kidney and prostate) were compared to 10 cases of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma from the urinary bladder. These tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for desmin, MyoD1, myogenin, chromogranin, synaptophysin, CD56, TTF1, and ASCL1, and RNA sequencing was performed on 4 cases of bladder rhabdomyosarcoma (2 rhabdomyosarcomas and 2 sarcomatoid-rhabdomyosarcoma) and 10 cases of bladder high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. This was compared to public data from 414 typical urothelial carcinomas from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. Morphologic and immunophenotypic overlap with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma was seen in half of the bladder tumors, which included 4 rhabdomyosarcomas and 2 sarcomatoid rhabdomyosarcomas. RNA sequencing confirmed expression of neuroendocrine markers in these cases (2 rhabdomyosarcomas and 2 sarcomatoid rhabdomyosarcomas). Differential neuroendocrine differentiation was highlighted by ASCL1 protein expression only in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. Moreover, both a pure alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and sarcomatoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder demonstrated a fusion involving PPP1R12A. In summary, adult rhabdomyosarcomas of the urinary bladder are molecularly distinct from high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas based on specific patterns of expression of myogenic and epithelial to mesenchymal transition-related transcription factors as well as the presence of a novel PPP1R12A fusion which is seen in a subset of cases.
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