1
|
Weiss BP, Merayo JMG, Ream JB, Oran R, Brauer P, Cochrane CJ, Cloutier K, Elkins-Tanton LT, Jørgensen JL, Maurel C, Park RS, Polanskey CA, de Soria Santacruz-Pich M, Raymond CA, Russell CT, Wenkert D, Wieczorek MA, Zuber MT. The Psyche Magnetometry Investigation. Space Sci Rev 2023; 219:22. [PMID: 37007705 PMCID: PMC10049963 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-00965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the Psyche Magnetometry Investigation is to test the hypothesis that asteroid (16) Psyche formed from the core of a differentiated planetesimal. To address this, the Psyche Magnetometer will measure the magnetic field around the asteroid to search for evidence of remanent magnetization. Paleomagnetic measurements of meteorites and dynamo theory indicate that a diversity of planetesimals once generated dynamo magnetic fields in their metallic cores. Likewise, the detection of a strong magnetic moment ( > 2 × 10 14 Am 2 ) at Psyche would likely indicate that the body once generated a core dynamo, implying that it formed by igneous differentiation. The Psyche Magnetometer consists of two three-axis fluxgate Sensor Units (SUs) mounted 0.7 m apart along a 2.15-m long boom and connected to two Electronics Units (EUs) located within the spacecraft bus. The Magnetometer samples at up to 50 Hz, has a range of ± 80 , 000 nT , and an instrument noise of 39 pT axis - 1 3 σ integrated over 0.1 to 1 Hz. The two pairs of SUs and EUs provide redundancy and enable gradiometry measurements to suppress noise from flight system magnetic fields. The Magnetometer will be powered on soon after launch and acquire data for the full duration of the mission. The ground data system processes the Magnetometer measurements to obtain an estimate of Psyche's dipole moment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Weiss
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA USA
| | - José M G Merayo
- DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jodie B Ream
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Rona Oran
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Peter Brauer
- DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Corey J Cochrane
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Kyle Cloutier
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | - John L Jørgensen
- DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clara Maurel
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ryan S Park
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Carol A Polanskey
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | - Carol A Raymond
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Christopher T Russell
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Daniel Wenkert
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Mark A Wieczorek
- Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Maria T Zuber
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Edwards TR, Pickering R, Mallett TL, Herries AIR. Challenging the antiquity of the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa: Geochronological evidence restricts the age of Eurotomys bolti and Parapapio to less than 2.3 Ma at Waypoint 160, Bolt's Farm. J Hum Evol 2023; 178:103334. [PMID: 36931115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Waypoint 160 is a paleocave at Bolt's Farm in the 'Cradle of Humankind,' South Africa. It is known for the novel murid taxa Eurotomys bolti, argued to be morphologically intermediate between Eurotomys pelomyoides from Langebaanweg (∼5.1 Ma) and the earliest Otomyinae from Makapansgat Limeworks (∼3.0-2.6 Ma). Based on the presence of this specimen, an age of ∼4.5 Ma was inferred for Waypoint 160, making it far older than other Cradle sites. This biochronological age was used to argue that Parapapio and Cercopithecoides fossils from Waypoint 160 were the oldest in the region. Here, we provide a detailed sedimentological context for the in-situ deposits at Waypoint 160. We have identified interior cave deposits, in contrast to other sites at Bolt's Farm. Petrography confirms that one unit (facies D) contains in-situ microfaunal fossils, indicating the likely provenience of the E. bolti specimen. Palaeomagnetic analysis shows four periods of magnetic polarity in the sequence. Using U-Pb ages as chronological pins, we argue that the upper part of the sequence records a polarity change at the end of the Olduvai subChron (1.78 Ma). The lower part of the sequence records a polarity shift from normal to reversed that likely relates to the Feni subChron (2.16-2.12 Ma), based on a basal flowstone U-Pb age of 2.269 ± 0.075 Ma. Together this points to a depositional window of ∼500 ka, with the Parapapio and E. bolti tentatively attributed to the micromammal fossil-bearing layers dating to ∼2.27-2.07 Ma. This has significant implications for other biochronological dates in South Africa, as E. bolti is now less than ∼2.27 Ma, younger than the oldest Otomyinae at Makapansgat Limeworks and thus not ancestral to them. This chronology for Waypoint 160 challenges the presence of older, early to mid-Pliocene deposits >3.20 Ma in the Gauteng portion of the Cradle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara R Edwards
- Department of Geological Sciences, Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Robyn Pickering
- Department of Geological Sciences, Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Tom L Mallett
- The Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory, Dept. Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, 3086, Australia
| | - Andy I R Herries
- The Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory, Dept. Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, 3086, Australia; Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alba DM, Robles JM, Casanovas-Vilar I, Beamud E, Bernor RL, Cirilli O, DeMiguel D, Galindo J, Llopart I, Pons-Monjo G, Sánchez IM, Vinuesa V, Garcés M. A revised (earliest Vallesian) age for the hominoid-bearing locality of Can Mata 1 based on new magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic data from Abocador de Can Mata (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula). J Hum Evol 2022; 170:103237. [PMID: 35988385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Abocador de Can Mata (ACM) composite stratigraphic sequence (els Hostalets de Pierola, Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula) has yielded a diverse primate assemblage from the late Aragonian (Middle to Late Miocene). Detailed litho-, bio-, and magnetostratigraphic control has enabled an accurate dating of these fossil remains. Comparable data, however, were lacking for the nearby locality of Can Mata 1 (CM1), which yielded a dryopithecine canine of a female individual. Given the lack of hipparionin equids and giraffids, CM1 has been correlated to the latest Aragonian (Mammal Neogene [MN] zone MN7+8). Here we revise the age of CM1 based on fieldwork and associated paleomagnetic samplings undertaken in 2018-2021. Our results extend the ACM composite sequence upward and indicate that CM1 correlates to the earliest Vallesian (MN9). The updated ACM sequence has a thickness of ∼300 m and comprises 12 magnetozones correlated to subchrons C5Ar.1r to C5n.2n (∼12.6-11.1 Ma; latest MN6 to earliest MN9, late Aragonian to earliest Vallesian). CM1 is correlated to C5r.1r (11.146-11.056 Ma), with an interpolated age of 11.11 Ma, thus postdating the dispersal of hipparionin horses into the Vallès-Penedès Basin-which is correlated to the previous subchron C5r.1n, with an interpolated age of 11.18 Ma, and by definition marks the beginning of the Vallesian. CM1 also minimally postdates the earliest record of giraffids at ACM-representing their earliest well-dated occurrence in the basin-being correlated to C5r.1n with an interpolated age of 11.11 Ma. We conclude that CM1 has an earliest Vallesian (MN9) age of ∼11.1 Ma, intermediate between the Aragonian dryopithecins and the Vallesian hispanopithecins. Ongoing paleontological surveillance at ACM thus offers the prospect to yield additional earliest Vallesian ape remains, which are essential to clarify their taxonomic allocation as well as to confirm whether hispanopithecins evolved locally from dryopithecins rather than immigrating from elsewhere during MN9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Alba
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep M Robles
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Casanovas-Vilar
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Beamud
- Paleomagnetic Laboratory CCiTUB-Geo3Bcn CSIC, c/ Lluís Solé i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Geomodels, Grup de Recerca Consolidat de Geodinàmica i Anàlisi de Conques, Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raymond L Bernor
- College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, 520 W St. N.W., 20059, Washington, DC, USA; Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, 20560, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Omar Cirilli
- College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, 520 W St. N.W., 20059, Washington, DC, USA; Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Paleo[Fab]Lab, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Daniel DeMiguel
- ARAID Foundation/Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Galindo
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar Llopart
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Pons-Monjo
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Israel M Sánchez
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Vinuesa
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Garcés
- Institut Geomodels, Grup de Recerca Consolidat de Geodinàmica i Anàlisi de Conques, Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l'Oceà, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lisé-Pronovost A, Fletcher MS, Simon Q, Jacobs Z, Gadd PS, Herries AIR, Yokoyama Y; Aster team. Chronostratigraphy of sediment cores from Lake Selina, southeastern Australia: Radiocarbon, optically stimulated luminescence, paleomagnetism, authigenic beryllium isotopes and elemental data. Data Brief 2022; 42:108144. [PMID: 35479421 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This Data in Brief paper comprises dataset obtained for sediment cores collected from Lake Selina, located in the West Coast Range of Tasmania, Australia. Datasets include radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence age estimates, elemental composition, beryllium isotopes, magnetic properties and the paleomagnetic record measured on the cores assigned as TAS1402 (Location: Tasmania, Year: 2014, Site number: 02). The multi-proxy dataset was used to develop a chronostratigraphy for the 5.5 m and 270,000 year old record. See Lisé-Pronovost et al. (2021) (10.1016/j.quageo.2021.101152) for interpretation and discussion. The data presented in this study serve as an archive for future studies focusing on Earth system dynamics and the timeline and linkages of environmental changes across Tasmania, the Southern Hemisphere and at a global scale.
Collapse
|
5
|
Schnepp E, Arneitz P, Ganerød M, Scholger R, Fritz I, Egli R, Leonhardt R. Intermediate field directions recorded in Pliocene basalts in Styria (Austria): evidence for cryptochron C2r.2r-1. Earth Planets Space 2021; 73:182. [PMID: 34720650 PMCID: PMC8549934 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-021-01518-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pliocene volcanic rocks from south-east Austria were paleomagnetically investigated. Samples were taken from 28 sites located on eight different volcanoes. Rock magnetic investigations revealed that magnetic carriers are Ti-rich or Ti-poor titanomagnetites with mainly pseudo-single-domain characteristics. Characteristic remanent magnetization directions were obtained from alternating field as well as from thermal demagnetization. Four localities give reversed directions agreeing with the expected direction from secular variation. Another four localities of the Klöch-Königsberg volcanic complex (3) and the Neuhaus volcano (1) have reversed directions with shallow inclinations and declinations of about 240° while the locality Steinberg yields a positive inclination of about 30° and 200° declination. These aberrant directions cannot be explained by local or regional tectonic movements. All virtual geomagnetic pole positions are located on the southern hemisphere. Four virtual geomagnetic poles lie close to the geographic pole, while all others are concentrated in a narrow longitude sector offshore South America (310°-355°) with low virtual geomagnetic pole latitudes ranging from - 15° to - 70°. The hypothesis that a transitional geomagnetic field configuration was recorded during the short volcanic activity of these five localities is supported by 9 paleointensity results and 39Ar/40Ar dating. Virtual geomagnetic dipole moments range from 1.1 to 2.9·1022 Am2 for sites with low VGP latitudes below about 60° and from 3.0 to 9.3·1022 Am2 for sites with higher virtual geomagnetic pole latitudes. The new 39Ar/40Ar ages of 2.51 ± 0.27 Ma for Klöch and 2.39 ± 0.03 Ma for Steinberg allow for the correlation of the Styrian transitional directions with cryptochron C2r.2r-1 of the geomagnetic polarity time scale. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40623-021-01518-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schnepp
- Palaeomagnetic Laboratory Gams, Chair of Applied Geophysics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Gams 45, 8130 Frohnleiten, Austria
| | - Patrick Arneitz
- Conrad Observatorium, ZAMG-Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Morgan Ganerød
- Geological Survey of Norway, Torgarden, P.O. Box 6315, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robert Scholger
- Palaeomagnetic Laboratory Gams, Chair of Applied Geophysics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Gams 45, 8130 Frohnleiten, Austria
| | - Ingomar Fritz
- Universalmuseum Joanneum, Studienzentrum Naturkunde, Weinzöttlstraße 16, 8045 Graz, Austria
| | - Ramon Egli
- Conrad Observatorium, ZAMG-Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Leonhardt
- Conrad Observatorium, ZAMG-Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lanci L, Zanella E, Jovane L, Galeotti S, Alonso-García M, Alvarez-Zarikian CA, Bejugam NN, Betzler C, Bialik OM, Blättler CL, Eberli GP, Guo JA, Haffen S, Horozal S, Inoue M, Kroon D, Laya JC, Hui Mee AL, Lüdmann T, Nakakuni M, Niino K, Petruny LM, Pratiwi SD, Reijmer JJG, Reolid J, Slagle AL, Sloss CR, Su X, Swart PK, Wright JD, Yao Z, Young JR. Dataset of characteristic remanent magnetization and magnetic properties of early Pliocene sediments from IODP Site U1467 (Maldives platform). Data Brief 2019; 27:104666. [PMID: 31700961 PMCID: PMC6831669 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This data article describes data of magnetic stratigraphy and anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization (AIRM) from "Magnetic properties of early Pliocene sediments from IODP Site U1467 (Maldives platform) reveal changes in the monsoon system" [1]. Acquisition of isothermal magnetization on pilot samples and anisotropy of isothermal remanent magnetization are reported as raw data; magnetostratigraphic data are reported as characteristic magnetization (ChRM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lanci
- Department of Pure and Applied Science, University of Urbino, Via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino, Italy.,Alpine Laboratory of Paleomagnetism ALP - CIMaN, Via G.U. Massa 6, 12016 Peveragno, Italy
| | - Elena Zanella
- Alpine Laboratory of Paleomagnetism ALP - CIMaN, Via G.U. Massa 6, 12016 Peveragno, Italy.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Turin, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Jovane
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Simone Galeotti
- Department of Pure and Applied Science, University of Urbino, Via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Montserrat Alonso-García
- Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos, Instituto Portugues do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Avenida de Brasilia 6, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Ciencias do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Alvarez-Zarikian
- International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Nagender Nath Bejugam
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India
| | - Christian Betzler
- Institute for Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Or M Bialik
- Dr. Moses Strauss Department of Marine Geosciences, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, 31905 Carmel, Israel
| | - Clara L Blättler
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gregor P Eberli
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Junhua Adam Guo
- Department of Geological Sciences, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
| | - Sébastien Haffen
- Physical Properties Specialist, Ecole Nationale Superieure de Geologie, Universite de Lorraine, 2 rue du Doyen Marcel Roubault, 54501 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Senay Horozal
- Petroleum and Marine Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Gwahang-no 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Mayuri Inoue
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Dick Kroon
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Laya
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 3115, College Station, TX 77843-3115, USA
| | - Anna Ling Hui Mee
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Thomas Lüdmann
- Institute for Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakakuni
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cyo, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0003, Japan
| | - Kaoru Niino
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata City 990-8560, Japan
| | - Loren M Petruny
- Environmental Science and Policy Department, George Mason University, David King Hall Rm 3005, MSN 5F2, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA
| | - Santi D Pratiwi
- Department of Geosciences, Geological Engineering Faculty, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl.Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21v, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
| | - John J G Reijmer
- College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesús Reolid
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Avenida de La Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Angela L Slagle
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Borehole Bldg. 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Craig R Sloss
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Technology Queensland, R-Block 317, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Xiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter K Swart
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - James D Wright
- Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8066, USA
| | - Zhengquan Yao
- Department of Marine Geology, First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) State Oceanic Administration (SOA), #6 Xian Xia Ling Road, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jeremy R Young
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leece AB, Kegley ADT, Lacruz RS, Herries AIR, Hemingway J, Kgasi L, Potze S, Adams JW. The first hominin from the early Pleistocene paleocave of Haasgat, South Africa. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2024. [PMID: 27190720 PMCID: PMC4867710 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Haasgat is a primate-rich fossil locality in the northeastern part of the Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa UNESCO World Heritage Site. Here we report the first hominin identified from Haasgat, a partial maxillary molar (HGT 500), that was recovered from an ex situ calcified sediment block sampled from the locality. The in situ fossil bearing deposits of the Haasgat paleokarstic deposits are estimated to date to slightly older than 1.95 Ma based on magnetobiostratigraphy. This places the hominin specimen at a critical time period in South Africa that marks the last occurrence of Australopithecus around 1.98 Ma and the first evidence of Paranthropus and Homo in the region between ∼2.0 and 1.8 Ma. A comprehensive morphological evaluation of the Haasgat hominin molar was conducted against the current South African catalogue of hominin dental remains and imaging analyses using micro-CT, electron and confocal microscopy. The preserved occlusal morphology is most similar to Australopithecus africanus or early Homo specimens but different from Paranthropus. Occlusal linear enamel thickness measured from micro-CT scans provides an average of ∼2.0 mm consistent with Australopithecus and early Homo. Analysis of the enamel microstructure suggests an estimated periodicity of 7–9 days. Hunter–Schreger bands appear long and straight as in some Paranthropus, but contrast with this genus in the short shape of the striae of Retzius. Taken together, these data suggests that the maxillary fragment recovered from Haasgat best fits within the Australopithecus—early Homo hypodigms to the exclusion of the genus Paranthropus. At ∼1.95 Ma this specimen would either represent another example of late occurring Australopithecus or one of the earliest examples of Homo in the region. While the identification of this first hominin specimen from Haasgat is not unexpected given the composition of other South African penecontemporaneous site deposits, it represents one of the few hominin localities in the topographically-distinct northern World Heritage Site. When coupled with the substantial differences in the mammalian faunal communities between the northern localities (e.g., Haasgat, Gondolin) and well-sampled Bloubank Valley sites (e.g., Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai), the recovery of the HGT 500 specimen highlights the potential for further research at the Haasgat locality for understanding the distribution and interactions of hominin populations across the landscape, ecosystems and fossil mammalian communities of early Pleistocene South Africa. Such contextual data from sites like Haasgat is critical for understanding the transition in hominin representation at ∼2 Ma sites in the region from Australopithecus to Paranthropus and early Homo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Leece
- The Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony D T Kegley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University , Allendale, MI , United States of America
| | - Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University , New York, NY , United States of America
| | - Andy I R Herries
- The Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Anthropological Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jason Hemingway
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Lazarus Kgasi
- Plio-Pleistocene Section, Department of Vertebrates, Ditsong National Museum of Natural History , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - Stephany Potze
- Plio-Pleistocene Section, Department of Vertebrates, Ditsong National Museum of Natural History , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - Justin W Adams
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| |
Collapse
|