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Shao B, Yu S, Wang S, Li S, Ding L, Li M, Cheng L, Pan Q, Cong L, Ran C. A UDP-glycosyltransferase gene PcUGT202A9 was associated with abamectin resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor). Int J Biol Macromol 2024:132228. [PMID: 38734355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Panonychus citri (McGregor) strains have developed a high level of resistance to abamectin, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are critical for the removal of a variety of exogenous and endogenous substances. In this study, an enzyme activity assay revealed that UGTs potentially contribute to P. citri abamectin resistance. Spatiotemporal expression profiles showed that only PcUGT202A9 was significantly overexpressed in the abamectin-resistant strain (AbR) at all developmental stages. Moreover, UGT activity decreased significantly, whereas abamectin susceptibility increased significantly, in AbR after PcUGT202A9 was silenced. Three-dimensional modeling and molecular docking analyses revealed that PcUGT202A9 can bind stably to abamectin. Recombinant PcUGT202A9 activity was detected when α-naphthol was used, but the enzymatic activity was inhibited by abamectin (50 % inhibitory concentration: 803.3 ± 14.20 μmol/L). High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses indicated that recombinant PcUGT202A9 can effectively degrade abamectin and catalyze the conjugation of UDP-glucose to abamectin. These results imply PcUGT202A9 contributes to P. citri abamectin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Shao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shijiang Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Sichen Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lili Ding
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Luyan Cheng
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Chun Ran
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China.
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Ding LL, Yu SJ, Lei S, Pan Q, Liu L, Li SC, Chen TY, Wang SQ, Wei ZT, Liu HQ, Cong L, Ran C. Identification and Functional Characterization of an Omega-Class Glutathione S-Transferase Gene PcGSTO1 Associated with Cyetpyrafen Resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor). J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:7010-7020. [PMID: 38529524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Cyetpyrafen is a recently developed acaricide. The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), has developed significant resistance to cyetpyrafen. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the cyetpyrafen resistance in P. citri remains unclear. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play a critical role in arthropod pesticide resistance. This study showed that GSTs were potentially related to the resistance of P. citri to cyetpyrafen through synergistic experiments and enzyme activity analysis. An omega-family GST gene, PcGSTO1, was significantly up-regulated in the egg, nymph, and adult stages of the cyetpyrafen-resistant strain. Additionally, silencing of PcGSTO1 significantly increased the mortality of P. citri to cyetpyrafen and recombinant PcGSTO1 demonstrated the ability to metabolize cyetpyrafen. Our results indicated that the overexpression of PcGSTO1 is associated with cyetpyrafen resistance in P. citri, and they also provided valuable information for managing resistance in P. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Ding
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shi-Jiang Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shuang Lei
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Si-Chen Li
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shu-Qi Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Zhi-Tang Wei
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Hao-Qiang Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chun Ran
- Citrus Research Institute, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
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Li CZ, Liu YH, Pan D, Xia MH, Zhang Q, Li YC, Yuan GR, Wang JJ, Dou W. Genome-wide analysis of Panonychus citri microRNAs with a focus on potential insecticidal activity of 4 microRNAs to eggs and nymphs. Insect Sci 2024; 31:354-370. [PMID: 37641867 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Panonychus citri McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae), a destructive citrus pest, causes considerable annual economic losses due to its short lifespan and rapid resistance development. MicroRNA (miRNA)-induced RNA interference is a promising approach for pest control because of endogenous regulation of pest growth and development. To search for miRNAs with potential insecticidal activity in P. citri, genome-wide analysis of miRNAs at different developmental stages was conducted, resulting in the identification of 136 miRNAs, including 73 known and 63 novel miRNAs. A total of 17 isomiRNAs and 12 duplicated miRNAs were characterized. MiR-1 and miR-252-5p were identified as reference miRNAs for P. citri and Tetranychus urticae. Based on differential expression analysis, treatments with miR-let-7a and miR-315 mimics and the miR-let-7a antagomir significantly reduced the egg hatch rate and resulted in abnormal egg development. Overexpression or downregulation of miR-34-5p and miR-305-5p through feeding significantly decreased the adult eclosion rate and caused molting defects. The 4 miRNAs, miR-let-7a, miR-315, miR-34-5p, and miR-305-5p, had important regulatory functions and insecticidal properties in egg hatching and adult eclosion. In general, these data advance our understanding of miRNAs in mite biology, which can assist future studies on insect-specific miRNA-based green pest control technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng-Hao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Chuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Assouguem A, Joutei AB, Lahlali R, Kara M, Bari A, Ali EA, Fidan H, Laabidine HZ, El Ouati Y, Farah A, Lazraq A. Evaluation of the impact of two citrus plants on the variation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) and beneficial phytoseiid mites. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220837. [PMID: 38585628 PMCID: PMC10997146 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The abundance of Panonychus citri McGregor 1916 (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its associated enemies (Euseius stipulatus Athias-Henriot, 1960; Typhlodromus sp.; Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, 1957) was studied on two 12-year-old citrus cultivars, specifically Clementine "Nules" (Citrus Clementina) and Valencia (Citrus sinensis), in the Gharb region of Morocco. Throughout the entire monitoring period in the Valencia late cultivar, the density of the spider mite P. citri on leaves was notably higher at 38.0% (n = 1,212 mobile forms). Predator P. persimilis exhibited a leaf occupancy of 25.0% (n = 812), followed by Typhlodromus sp. at 20.0% (n = 643). Conversely, the abundance of E. stipulatus was lower at 17.0% (n = 538). In the Nules variety, P. citri abundance recorded a higher percentage at 48.0% (n = 1,922). E. stipulatus emerged as the most abundant predator at 23.0% (n = 898), followed by P. persimilis with 16.0% (n = 639). Meanwhile, the population of Typlodromus sp. remained notably low at 13.0% (n = 498). Regarding the fluctuation of the different mites studied on the two cultivars across monitoring dates, the period from May 4 to June 1 was characterized by low temperatures and a diminished presence of mite populations (P. citri, E. stipulatus, Typhlodromus sp., and P. persimilis). However, from June 7 to June 19, characterized by high temperatures, a notable increase in the presence of mite populations was observed. As regards the effect of the variety on the different mites studied, the varietal impact was significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Assouguem
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, P.O. Box 2202, Fez, Morocco
- Department of Protection of Plants and Environment, National School of Agriculture, Meknes, Morocco
| | | | - Rachid Lahlali
- Department of Protection of Plants and Environment, National School of Agriculture, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Kara
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorisation of Natural Resources (LBCVNR), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, BP 1796 Atlas, Fez30000, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafize Fidan
- Department of Tourism and Culinary Management, Faculty of Economics, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Hajar Zine Laabidine
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, the Law, Philosophy and Society Laboratory (ESSOR), The Faculty of Law, Economic and Social Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, BP 1796 Atlas, Fez30000, Morocco
| | - Younouss El Ouati
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, the Law, Philosophy and Society Laboratory (ESSOR), The Faculty of Law, Economic and Social Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, BP 1796 Atlas, Fez30000, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Farah
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, FezP.O. Box 2202, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Lazraq
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Street, P.O. Box 2202, Fez, Morocco
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Liu XY, Li K, Pan D, Dou W, Yuan GR, Wang JJ. Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanism of abamectin resistance in a field-derived strain of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:1258-1265. [PMID: 37889506 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), a global pest of citrus, has developed different levels of resistance to various acaricides in the field. Abamectin is one of the most important insecticides/acaricides worldwide, targetting a wide number of insect and mite pests. The evolution of abamectin resistance in P. citri is threatening the sustainable use of abamectin for mite control. RESULTS The abamectin resistant strain (NN-Aba), derived from a field strain NN by consistent selection with abamectin, showed 4279-fold resistance to abamectin compared to a relatively susceptible strain (SS) of P. citri. Cross-resistance of NN-Aba was observed between abamectin and emamectin benzoate, pyridaben, fenpropathrin and cyflumetofen. Inheritance analyses indicated that abamectin resistance in the NN-Aba strain was autosomal, incompletely recessive and polygenic. The synergy experiment showed that abamectin toxicity was synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM) and tributyl phosphorotrithiotate (TPP) in the NN-Aba strain, and synergy ratios were 2.72-, 2.48- and 2.13-fold, respectively. The glutathione-S-transferases activity in the NN-Aba strain were significantly increased by 2.08-fold compared with the SS strain. CONCLUSION The abamectin resistance was autosomal, incompletely recessive and polygenic in P. citri. The NN-Aba strain showed cross-resistance to various acaricides with different modes of action. Metabolic detoxification mechanism participated in abamectin resistance in NN-Aba strain. These findings provide useful information for resistance management of P. citri in the field. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Ren Y, Dou W, Wang JJ, Yuan G. Lethal and sublethal effects of fluralaner on the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor). Pest Manag Sci 2024. [PMID: 38375770 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) is a globally distributed agricultural pest. Of late, resistance to common acaricides has raised concerns that chemical control of P. citri is an inefficient means of control. Fluralaner, a highly toxic isoxazoline insecticide used to treat various ectoparasites, presents one potential alternative. However, little information has been reported about the effect of fluralaner on the citrus red mite. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity, sublethal and transgenerational effects of fluralaner on P. citri. RESULTS In both laboratory and field populations of P. citri, we found fluralaner to be more toxic than conventional alternatives, including fenpropathrin, bifenazate, azocyclotin and chlorpyrifos. Interestingly, fluralaner proved more toxic to female adults than to the eggs of P. citri, with median lethal concentrations (LC50 ) of 2.446 and 122.7 mg L-1 , respectively. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of fluralaner (LC10 , LC20 and LC30 ) significantly reduced the fecundity and longevity of female adults P. citri individuals. Although concentrations of fluralaner applied to the parental female adults (F0 ) led to some changes in the developmental parameters, there were no significant changes in most of the life table parameters or population growth of the F1 generation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that fluralaner is highly toxic to P. citri, and a significant sublethal effect on F0 could suppress the population growth of P. citri, but not for F1 . Fluralaner may be considered as a pesticide for the future management of the citrus red mite. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Ren
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guorui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Pan D, Luo QJ, O Reilly AO, Yuan GR, Wang JJ, Dou W. Mutations of voltage-gated sodium channel contribute to pyrethroid resistance in Panonychus citri. Insect Sci 2023. [PMID: 37650774 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in Panonychus citri is a major obstacle to mite control in citrus orchards. Pyrethroid insecticides are continually used to control mites in China, although resistance to pyrethroids has evolved in some populations. Here, the resistance to the pyrethroid fenpropathrin was investigated and 7 out of 8 field-collected populations of P. citri exhibited a high level of resistance, ranging from 171-fold to 15 391-fold higher than the susceptible (SS) comparison strain. Three voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) mutations were identified in the tested populations: L1031V, F1747L, and F1751I. Amplicon sequencing was used to evaluate the frequency of these mutations in the 19 field populations. L1031V and F1751I were present in all populations at frequencies of 11.6%-82.1% and 0.5%-31.8%, respectively, whereas the F1747L mutation was only present in 12 populations from Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Yunnan provinces. Introduction of these mutations singly or in combination into transgenic flies significantly increased their resistance to fenpropathrin and these flies also exhibited reduced mortality after exposure to the pyrethroids permethrin and β-cypermethrin. Panonychus citri VGSC homology modeling and ligand docking indicate that F1747 and F1751 form direct binding contacts with pyrethroids, which are lost with mutation, whereas L1031 mutation may diminish pyrethroid effects through an allosteric mechanism. Overall, the results provide molecular markers for monitoring pest resistance to pyrethroids and offer new insights into the basis of pyrethroid actions on sodium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Juan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Andrias O O Reilly
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Thao NTP, Thuy NT, Quyen HL. Effects of Different Diets on Biological Characteristics of Predatory Mite Amblyseius Eharai (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Insects 2023; 14:519. [PMID: 37367335 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of different diets on the development and reproduction of the predatory mite Amblyseius eharai. The results show that feeding on citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) led to the fastest life cycle completion (6.9 ± 0.22 days), the longest oviposition period (26.19 ± 0.46 days), the greatest female longevity (42.03 ± 0.43 days), and the highest total number of eggs per female (45.63 ± 0.94 eggs). Feeding on Artemia fanciscana cysts resulted in the highest oviposition rate (1.98 ± 0.04 eggs), a high total number of eggs per female (33.93 ± 0.36 eggs), and the highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm = 0.242). The hatching rate did not differ significantly among the five types of food, and the proportion of females ranged from 60% to 65% across all diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T P Thao
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen T Thuy
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Ho L Quyen
- Plant Quarantine Subdepartment Zone II, Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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Pan D, Xia M, Luo Q, Li C, Yuan G, Wang J, Dou W. Sublethal and transgenerational effects of pyridaben exposure on the fitness and gene expression of Panonychus citri. Pest Manag Sci 2023. [PMID: 37071486 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panonychus citri is a globally dominant citrus plant pest mite. Pesticide-induced population resurgence is a concern for mite control. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of pesticides has stimulated reproduction and outbreak risks in many pests. Pyridaben, a mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor, has been frequently used worldwide in mite control. In the study, sublethal and transgenerational effects of pyridaben exposure on Pyr_Rs (resistant) and Pyr_Control (susceptible) strains were systematically investigated in both exposed parental generation (F0 ) and unexposed offspring generations (F1 and F2 ) by evaluating life-table and physiological parameters. RESULTS After exposure to pyridaben, the fecundity of both strains was significantly reduced in F0 generation while significantly induced in F1 generation. Interestingly, these effects also stimulated the fecundity of the F2 generation in Pyr_Control strain while no significant effects occurred for Pyr_Rs strain. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly decreased only in F1 generation of Pyr_Control strain after exposure treatment. Meanwhile, the population projection indicated a smaller population size in F1 generation of Pyr_Control strain while a population increase for Pyr_Rs strain after sublethal treatment. Subsequent detoxification enzyme assays indicated that only P450 activities in F0 generation were significantly activated by LC30 exposure to pyridaben in both strains. Significant downregulation of reproduction-related (Pc_Vg) genes was observed in the F0 generations of both strains. Significant upregulation of P450 (CYP4CL2) and Pc_Vg of the F1 generation in both strains suggested the presence of delayed hormesis effects on the reproduction and developed tolerance to pyridaben, although the effects did not last over a longer period (F2 generation). CONCLUSION These results provide evidence for transgenerational hormesis effects of low concentrations of pyridaben exposure that may lead to population increase and resurgence risks of resistant-mites in natural settings by stimulating reproduction. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Menghao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiujuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guorui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Pan D, Xia MH, Luo QJ, Liu XY, Li CZ, Yuan GR, Wang JJ, Dou W. Resistance of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) to pyridaben in China: monitoring and fitness costs. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:996-1004. [PMID: 36318043 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panonychus citri is a major citrus pest worldwide. The short life cycle and high reproductive potential of P. citri, combined with heavy acaricide use, have led to high levels of resistance to acaricides, posing a threat to global resistance management programs. Here, resistance monitoring was established to determine the pyridaben resistance status of ten P. citri populations in China from 2014 to 2021 using a leaf-dipping assay. Four characterized strains-the susceptible strain (Lab_S), the resistant strain (Pyr_R), as well as the segregated resistant strain (Pyr_Rs) and the segregated susceptible strain (Pyr_Control) derived from the crossing of the Lab_S and Pyr_R strains, were used to evaluate the life-history characteristics using age-stage, two-sex life tables. RESULTS Most P. citri populations developed high resistance to pyridaben. Resistance levels exceeded 1000-fold in Yuxi, Anyue, Nanning, and Ganzhou populations compared with the Lab_S strain. Compared with Pyr_Control, two key fitness cost criteria, developmental period and fecundity, showed significant differences in Pyr_Rs under consistent conditions. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate and gross reproductive rate were lower in the resistant strain compared with the Pyr_Control strain. The Pyr_Rs strain had a lower relative fitness of 0.934 compared with the Pyr_Control. Moreover, the life-history traits and population parameters of the Pyr_R strain also showed significant differences compared with the Lab_S strain. CONCLUSION The resistance levels to pyridaben varied greatly among the different P. citri populations and showed regional differences. Substantial fitness costs are associated with pyridaben resistance. This study provides potential implications for developing strategies for resistance management in P. citri. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng-Hao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Juan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xun-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan-Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Cheng LY, Hou DY, Sun QZ, Yu SJ, Li SC, Liu HQ, Cong L, Ran C. Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Field Resistance to Spirodiclofen in Panonychus citri (McGregor). Insects 2022; 13:1011. [PMID: 36354837 PMCID: PMC9696244 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spirodiclofen is one of the most widely used acaricides in China. The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most destructive citrus pests worldwide and has developed a high resistance to spirodiclofen. However, the molecular mechanism of spirodiclofen resistance in P. citri is still unknown. In this study, we identified a field spirodiclofen-resistant strain (DL-SC) that showed 712-fold resistance to spirodiclofen by egg bioassay compared to the susceptible strain. Target-site resistance was not detected as non-synonymous mutations were not found by amplification and sequencing of the ACCase gene of resistant and susceptible strains; in addition, the mRNA expression levels of ACCase were similar in both resistant and susceptible strains. The activity of detoxifying enzymes P450s and CCEs in the resistant strain was significantly higher than in the susceptible strain. The transcriptome expression data showed 19 xenobiotic metabolisms genes that were upregulated. Stage-specific expression profiling revealed that the most prominent upregulated gene, CYP385C10, in transcriptome data was significantly higher in resistant strains in all stages. Furthermore, functional analysis by RNAi indicated that the mortality caused by spirodiclofen was significantly increased by silencing the P450 gene CYP385C10. The current results suggest that overexpression of the P450 gene, CYP385C10, may be involved in spirodiclofen resistance in P. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yan Cheng
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Dong-Yuan Hou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qin-Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shi-Jiang Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Si-Chen Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Hao-Qiang Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Chun Ran
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing 400712, China
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12
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Yu SJ, Cong L, Pan Q, Ding LL, Lei S, Cheng LY, Fang YH, Wei ZT, Liu HQ, Ran C. Whole genome sequencing and bulked segregant analysis suggest a new mechanism of amitraz resistance in the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:5032-5048. [PMID: 34223705 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amitraz is a broad-spectrum insecticide/acaricide for the control of aphids, psyllids, ticks and mites. Current evidence suggests that ticks and phytophagous mites have developed strong resistance to amitraz. Previous studies have shown that multiple mechanisms are associated with amitraz resistance in ticks, but very few reports have involved Panonychus citri. We therefore used whole genome sequencing and bulked segregant analysis (BSA) to identify the mechanism underlying P. citri's resistance to amitraz. RESULTS High-quality assembly of the whole P. citri genome was completed, resulting in a genome of approximately 83.97 Mb and a contig N50 of approximately 1.81 Mb. Gene structure predictions revealed 11 577 genes, of which 10 940 genes were annotated. Trait-associated regions in the genome were mapped with bulked segregant analysis and 38 candidate SNPs were obtained, of which T752C had the strongest correlation with the resistant trait, located at the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the β-2R adrenergic-like octopamine receptor gene. The mutation resulted in the formation of a short hairpin loop structure in mRNA and gene expression was down-regulated by more than 50% in the amitraz-resistant strain. Validation of the T752C mutation in field populations of P. citri found that the correlation between the resistance ratio and the base mutation was 94.40%. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that this 5' UTR mutation of the β-2R octopamine receptor gene, confers amitraz resistance in P. citri. This discovery provides a new explanation for the mechanism of pest resistance: base mutations in the 5' untranslated region of target gene may regulate the susceptibility of pests to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jiang Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Li Ding
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Lei
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu-Yan Cheng
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Hong Fang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Tang Wei
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao-Qiang Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun Ran
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing, China
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13
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Li G, Liu X, Smagghe G, Niu J, Wang J. Genome-Wide Characterization and Identification of Long Non-Coding RNAs during the Molting Process of a Spider Mite, Panonychus citri. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6909. [PMID: 34199120 PMCID: PMC8269015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molting is essential for arthropods to grow. As one of the important arthropod pests in agriculture, key spider mite species (Tetranychus and Panonychus) can normally molt three times from the larva to adult stage within a week. This physiological strategy results in the short lifecycle of spider mites and difficulties in their control in the field. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate transcriptional editing, cellular function, and biological processes. Thus, analysis of the lncRNAs in the spider mite molting process may provide new insights into their roles in the molting mechanism. For this purpose, we used high-throughput RNA-seq to examine the expression dynamics of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the molting process of different development stages in Panonychus citri. We identified 9199 lncRNAs from 18 transcriptomes. Analysis of the lncRNAs suggested that they were shorter and had fewer exons and transcripts than mRNAs. Among these, 356 lncRNAs were differentially expressed during three molting processes: late larva to early protonymph, late protonymph to early deutonymph, and late deutonymph to early adult. A time series profile analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs showed that 77 lncRNAs were clustered into two dynamic expression profiles (Pattern a and Pattern c), implying that lncRNAs were involved in the molting process of spider mites. Furthermore, the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression networks showed that several differentially expressed hub lncRNAs were predicted to be functionally associated with typical molting-related proteins, such as cuticle protein and chitin biosynthesis. These data reveal the potential regulatory function of lncRNAs in the molting process and provide datasets for further analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs in spider mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.L.); (G.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Xunyan Liu
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.L.); (G.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Guy Smagghe
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.L.); (G.S.); (J.N.)
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinzhi Niu
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.L.); (G.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Jinjun Wang
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.L.); (G.S.); (J.N.)
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14
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Yu SJ, Cong L, Liu HQ, Ran C. Genetic analysis and screening of detoxification-related genes in an amitraz-resistant strain of Panonychus citri. Bull Entomol Res 2020; 110:743-755. [PMID: 32419680 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485320000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Panonychus citri (McGregor) is the most common pest in citrus-producing regions. Special low-toxicity acaricides, such as spirocyclic tetronic acids and mite growth inhibitors, have been used for a long time in China. However, pesticide resistance in mites is a growing problem due to the lack of new acaricide development. Wide-spectrum insecticides, such as amitraz have gained acceptance among fruit growers. An amitraz-resistant strain of P. citri was obtained by indoor screening to examine field resistance monitoring of mites to acaricides and to explore the resistant mechanism of mites against amitraz. The amitraz-resistant strain of P. citri had an LC50 value of 2361.45 mg l-1. The resistance ratio was 81.35 times higher in the resistant strain of P. citri compared with the sensitive strain. Crossing experiments between the sensitive and resistant strains of P. citri were conducted, resulting in a D value of 0.11 for F1 SS♀×RS♂ and 0.06 for F1 RS♀×SS♂. Reciprocal cross experiments showed that the dose-mortality curves for the F1 generations coincided, indicating that the resistance trait was not affected by cytoplasmic inheritance. The dose-expected response relationship was evaluated in the backcross generation and a significant difference was observed compared with the actual value. The above results indicate that the inheritance of resistance trait was incompletely dominant, governed by polygenes on the chromosome. Synergism studies demonstrated that cytochrome P450s and esterase may play important roles in the detoxification of amitraz. Based on differential gene analysis, 23 metabolism-related genes of P. citri were identified, consistent with the results of synergism studies. Real-time PCR verification implied that P450s, ABC transporters, and acetylcholinesterase might influence the detoxification of amitraz by P. citri. These results provide the genetic and molecular foundation for the management of pest mite resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jiang Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing400712, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing400712, China
| | - Hao-Qiang Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing400712, China
| | - Chun Ran
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Citrus, Chongqing400712, China
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Shang Y, Wang Y, Deng J, Liu X, Fang Y, Rao Q, Wu H. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism Related to Fluazinam Stress of Panonychus citri (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Insects 2020; 11:E730. [PMID: 33114558 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, is an important pest that causes serious citrus production losses in China. The insecticide fluazinam has a good control effect on the pest mites; however, its mechanism of action on mites remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomic sequencing and differential expression genes in P. citri treated with fluazinam, and identified some of the genes potential involved in detoxification metabolism related with the fluazinam exposure. Evaluating the efficacy of fluazinam, and analyzing the transcriptome data of P. citri under fluazinam stress, potentially provide a new agent for prevention and control of P. citri, and also preliminary research results for exploring the mechanism of action of fluazinam on P. citri. Given the up-regulated expression levels of genes for Mn-superoxide dismutase and catalase, we speculate that they play an important role in fluazinam-stress action on P. citri. Abstract The use of a large number of chemical acaricides to control these pest mites has led to an increasing problem of pesticide resistance, which has always been the difficulty in integrated pest management (IPM). Fluazinam has a good control effect on Panonychus citri, the serious pest on citrus; however, we only know the mechanism of action of fluazinam as a fungicide and its mechanism of action on mites remains unclear. Through analysis using Illumina high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing and differential expression genes in P. citri treated with fluazinam, 59 cytochrome P450 genes, 23 glutathione s-transferase genes, five carboxylate esterase genes, 11 superoxide dismutase genes and 15 catalase genes were identified. The Gene Ontology enrichment and the enrichment of KEGG results showed that the treatment were enrichment for redox enzyme pathways. Evaluating the efficacy of fluazinam, and analyzing the transcriptome data of P. citri under fluazinam stress, potentially provide a new agent for prevention and control of P. citri, and also preliminary research results for exploring the mechanism of action of fluazinam on P. citri. Given the up-regulated expression levels of genes for Mn-superoxide dismutase and catalase, we speculate that they play an important role in fluazinam-stress action on P. citri.
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Li G, Liu XY, Han X, Niu JZ, Wang JJ. RNAi of the nuclear receptor HR3 suggests a role in the molting process of the spider mite Panonychus citri. Exp Appl Acarol 2020; 81:75-83. [PMID: 32277324 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids regulate molting in arthropods by binding to heterodimers of the ecdysone receptor and retinoid-X-receptor, homologous to the ultraspiracle protein, to induce the expression of downstream signal response genes including the nuclear receptor HR3. However, the detailed expression dynamics of HR3 during molting in spider mites are not yet clear. In this study, the full length of PcHR3 was retrieved based on the genome of citrus red mite, Panonychus citri. The open reading frame is 1707 bp encoding 568 amino acids, which contains a DNA binding domain and a ligand binding domain. Then, the expression pattern of PcHR3 was analyzed throughout the development of the deutonymph by RT-qPCR. The result showed that PcHR3 was mainly transcribed in the late deutonymph stage, when the deutonymph was at least 24 h old and motionless, the critical point at which the mites started molting. Transcription reached the highest level in 32-h-old deutonymphs and decreased by 36 h, where the mites remained in a quiescent state. Further silencing of PcHR3 by leaf-disc-based delivery of dsRNA to 8-h-old deutonymph mites, resulted in retarded development and death of 58% of deutonymphs. In summary, we suggest that PcHR3 regulates the latter stages of molting in P. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Science, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xun-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Science, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Han
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Science, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Science, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- Academy of Agricultural Science, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Zhou Y, Jia H, Zhou X, Cui Y, Qian J. Epidemiology of spider mite sensitivity: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Clin Transl Allergy 2018; 8:21. [PMID: 29946417 PMCID: PMC6004667 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-018-0209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spider mites, including Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus citri, and Panonychus ulmi, are common pests in gardens, greenhouses, and orchards. Exposure, particularly occupational exposure, to these organisms may lead to the development of respiratory or contact allergies. However, the prevalence of sensitivity to spider mites is unclear. Methods We examined the literature to generate an estimate of the global prevalence of allergies to spider mites. Results Electronic databases were searched and twenty-three studies reporting the prevalence of sensitivity to spider mites (based on skin prick tests or IgE-based detection systems) in an aggregate total of 40,908 subjects were selected for analysis. The estimated overall rate of spider mite sensitivity was 22.9% (95% CI 19–26.8%). Heterogeneity was high and meta-regression analysis considering variables such as published year, country, number of study subjects, methods for allergen detection (skin prick test, ImmunoCAP, RAST testing, or intradermal test), and mite species revealed no single significant source. Twelve of the 23 studies reported rates of monosensitization (i.e., patients responsive to spider mites but no other tested allergen), yielding a global average of 7% (95% CI 5–9%), hence spider mites represent a unique source of allergens. Conclusions Spider mites are an important cause of allergic symptoms. However, the publication bias and heterogeneity evident in this study indicate that further trials using standardized detection methods are needed to determine the association of exposure and symptoms as well as the specific patient characteristics that influence developing spider mite sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics Laboratory, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyuan Jia
- 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 at Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Xuming Zhou
- 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 at Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Yubao Cui
- 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 at Qingyang Road, Wuxi, 214023 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Pediatrics, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, 214023 People's Republic of China
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Liao CY, Feng YC, Li G, Shen XM, Liu SH, Dou W, Wang JJ. Antioxidant Role of PcGSTd1 in Fenpropathrin Resistant Population of the Citrus Red Mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor). Front Physiol 2018; 9:314. [PMID: 29651254 PMCID: PMC5884870 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, a major citrus pest distributed worldwide, has evolved severe resistance to various classes of chemical acaricides/insecticides including pyrethroids. It is well known that the resistance to pyrethroids is mainly caused by point mutations of voltage-gated sodium channel gene in a wide range of pests. However, increasing number of evidences support that pyrethroids resistance might also be resulted from the integrated mechanisms including metabolic mechanisms. In this study, firstly, comparative analysis of RNA-seq data showed that multiple detoxification genes, including a GSTs gene PcGSTd1, were up-regulated in a fenpropathrin-resistant population compared with the susceptible strain (SS). Quantitative real time-PCR results showed that the exposure of fenpropathrin had an induction effect on the transcription of PcGSTd1 in a time-dependent manner. In vitro inhibition and metabolic assay of recombinant PcGSTd1 found that fenpropathrin might not be metabolized directly by this protein. However, its antioxidant role in alleviating the oxidative stress caused by fenpropathrin was demonstrated via the reversely genetic experiment. Our results provide a list of candidate genes which may contribute to a multiple metabolic mechanisms implicated in the evolution of fenpropathrin resistance in the field population of P. citri. Furthermore, during the detoxification process, PcGSTd1 plays an antioxidant role by detoxifying lipid peroxidation products induced by fenpropathrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Yu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-Cai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Min Shen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Huo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Dou W, Xia WK, Niu JZ, Wang JJ. Abamectin treatment affects glutamate decarboxylase expression and induces higher GABA levels in the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri. Exp Appl Acarol 2017; 72:229-244. [PMID: 28656486 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, is one of the most economically and globally destructive mite pests of citrus. Acaricide resistance has been a growing problem in controlling this pest. As the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in organisms, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized from the amino acid glutamate by the action of glutamate decarboxylases (GADs). In the present study, one novel GAD gene, PcGAD, was identified and characterized from P. citri. The opening reading frame of PcGAD contained 1548 nucleotides that encode 515 amino acids. The subsequent spatiotemporal expression pattern by RT-qPCR revealed that the expression levels of PcGAD were significantly higher in larvae than in adults. Challenging with various concentrations of abamectin resulted in the upregulation of PcGAD transcript levels. Furthermore, biochemical characterization indicated that changes in GAD activity coincided with its mRNA levels. High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the GABA contents of P. citri increased upon abamectin treatment. The application of abamectin induces PcGAD expression and activates GAD activity, thereby resulting in an increase in GABA content in P. citri, which contributes to the adaptability of the mite to abamectin challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wen-Kai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Zhaotong City Branch of Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Corporation, Zhaotong, 657000, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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20
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Shen XM, Zhong R, Xia WK, Wei D, Ding TB, Liao CY, Niu JZ, Dou W, Wang JJ. Identification of responsive proteins in Panonychus citri exposed to abamectin by a proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2017; 158:9-19. [PMID: 28219754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abamectin is a microbial-derived pesticide widely used for control of agricultural pests. However, sustained use of abamectin has led to the development of resistance in some target species. Previous studies on arthropod resistance to abamectin have mainly used traditional biochemical and molecular approaches. To understand the responses of citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, exposed to abamectin, comparative proteomic analysis was conducted using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). A total of 26 distinct protein spots were present in response to abamectin exposure. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) identified 16 proteins that were mainly involved in energy metabolism and detoxification. Some remaining proteins were not identifiable, suggesting that they may be novel. The expression levels of transcripts associated with proteins were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, to validate the proteomic data obtained in the present study, Western-blot experiment was performed and the expression of sHsp and PcE1 proteins were confirmed, respectively. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The citrus red mite has developed resistance to many acaricides, including abamectin. In the current study, we used the proteomic approaches involving 2-DE, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), and MS/MS to document changes in adult P. citri during 24h of abamectin exposure. Abamectin stress induced a total of 16 differentially regulated proteins. The proteomic results were validated in mRNA expression patterns using qRT-PCR. This is the first analysis of differentially expressed proteins in P. citri exposed to abamectin. The results help clarify the physiological mechanisms of P. citri responses to abamectin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Shen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Rui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wen-Kai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Zhaotong City Branch, Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Corporation, Yunnan 657000, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Tian-Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Chong-Yu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Xia WK, Shen XM, Ding TB, Niu JZ, Zhong R, Liao CY, Feng YC, Dou W, Wang JJ. Functional analysis of a chitinase gene during the larval-nymph transition in Panonychus citri by RNA interference. Exp Appl Acarol 2016; 70:1-15. [PMID: 27388447 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that are required for chitin degradation and reconstruction in arthropods. In this study, we report a cDNA sequence encoding a putative chitinase (PcCht1) from the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri. The PcCht1 (564 aa) possessed a signal peptide, a conserver domain, and a chitin-binding domain. Structural and phylogenetic analyses found that PcCht1 had high sequence similarity to chitinases in Tetranychus urticae. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses showed that the transcript levels of PcCht1 peaked periodically in larval and nymph stages. Moreover, significant increase of PcCht1 transcript level in the larvae was observed upon the exposure of diflubenzuron. In contrast, exposures of the larvae to diflubenzuron resulted in the decreased chitin content. Furthermore, through a feeding-based RNA interference approach, we were able to reduce the PcCht1 transcript level by 59.7 % in the larvae, and consequently the treated larvae showed a very low molting rate compared with the control. Our results expanded the understanding of the important role of PcCht1 in the growth and development of P. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiao-Min Shen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Tian-Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Rui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Chong-Yu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ying-Cai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Liao CY, Xia WK, Feng YC, Li G, Liu H, Dou W, Wang JJ. Characterization and functional analysis of a novel glutathione S-transferase gene potentially associated with the abamectin resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor). Pestic Biochem Physiol 2016; 132:72-80. [PMID: 27521916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), a major citrus pest distributed worldwide, has been found to be resistant to various insecticides and acaricides used in China. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with the abamectin resistance in this species have not yet been reported. In this study, results showed over-expression of a novel glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) gene (PcGSTm5) in abamectin-resistant P. citri. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the transcripts of PcGSTm5 were also significantly up-regulated after exposure to abamectin and the maximum mRNA expression level at nymphal stage. The recombinant protein of PcGSTm5-pET-28a produced by Escherichia coli showed a pronounced activity toward the conjugates of 1-chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and glutathione (GSH). The kinetics of CDNB and GSH and its optimal pH and thermal stability were also determined. Reverse genetic study through a new method of leaf-mediated dsRNA feeding further support a link between the expression of PcGSTm5 and abamectin resistance. However, no direct evidence was found in metabolism or inhibition assays to confirm the hypothesis that PcGSTm5 can metabolize abamectin. Finally, it is here speculated that PcGSTm5 may play a role in abamectin detoxification through other pathway such as the antioxidant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Yu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Kai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Cai Feng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China.
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Shen XM, Liao CY, Lu XP, Wang Z, Wang JJ, Dou W. Involvement of Three Esterase Genes from Panonychus citri (McGregor) in Fenpropathrin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1361. [PMID: 27548163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is a major citrus pest with a worldwide distribution and an extensive record of pesticide resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanism associated with fenpropathrin resistance in this species have not yet been reported. In this study, synergist triphenyl phosphate (TPP) dramatically increased the toxicity of fenpropathrin, suggesting involvement of carboxylesterases (CarEs) in the metabolic detoxification of this insecticide. The subsequent spatiotemporal expression pattern analysis of PcE1, PcE7 and PcE9 showed that three CarEs genes were all over-expressed after insecticide exposure and higher transcripts levels were observed in different field resistant strains of P. citri. Heterologous expression combined with 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetra-zolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells revealed that PcE1-, PcE7- or PcE9-expressing cells showed significantly higher cytoprotective capability than parental Sf9 cells against fenpropathrin, demonstrating that PcEs probably detoxify fenpropathrin. Moreover, gene silencing through the method of leaf-mediated dsRNA feeding followed by insecticide bioassay increased the mortalities of fenpropathrin-treated mites by 31% (PcE1), 27% (PcE7) and 22% (PcE9), respectively, after individual PcE gene dsRNA treatment. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that PcE1, PcE7 and PcE9 are functional genes mediated in fenpropathrin resistance in P. citri and enrich molecular understanding of CarEs during the resistance development of the mite.
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He HG, Yan XH, Wang JJ, Zhao ZM. [Sublethal effects of fenpropathrin and avermectin on Panonychus citri (Acari: Tereanychidae).]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2016; 27:2629-2635. [PMID: 29733152 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201608.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A leaf disc bioassay was employed to examine the effects of fenpropathrin and avermectin with a sublethal concentration of LC20 on the development and reproduction of F0, F1 and F2 generations by means of life tables. The results showed that after the treatment of fenpropathrin at the sublethal concentration, the number of eggs laid per female significantly increased in F0 generation, the pre-oviposition duration was significantly shortened and the female ratio of offspring significantly increased both in F1 and F2 generations. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) values all increased, and the generation time (T) and population doubling time (Dt) were shortened in F1 and F2 generations, with significant difference observed between F2 generations and the control. After exposure to avermectin, the number of eggs laid per female significantly decreased in F0 generation, and progeny (F1 and F2) also produced fewer eggs than the control, while the female ratio of offspring increased both in F1 and F2 generations and the pre-oviposition period was significantly shortened. The rm and λ values all increased, and the T and Dt were shortened in F1 and F2 generations. Such effects were more obvious on the F2 generation than the F1 generation. Generally, the effects of fenpropathrin and avermectin with a sublethal concentration of LC20 were not exactly the same on P. citri. Fenpropathrin could promote the development of the contemporary population, while avermectin had certain inhibition on the contemporary population, but both played a certain role in facilitating the development of future populations, which was of significance in developing integrated pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Guo He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Hui Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Jun Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhi Mo Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Zhang K, Luo L, Chen X, Hu M, Hu Q, Gong L, Weng Q. Molecular Effects of Irradiation (Cobalt-60) on the Control of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26964-77. [PMID: 26569230 PMCID: PMC4661862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective dose of irradiation to control pest mites in quarantine has been studied extensively, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of the irradiation on mites are largely unknown. In this study, exposure to 400 Gy of γ rays had significant (p < 0.05) effects on the adult survival, fecundity and egg viability of Panonychus citri. The irradiation caused the degradation of the DNA of P. citri adults and damaged the plasma membrane system of the egg, which led to condensed nucleoli and gathered yolk. Additionally, the transcriptomes and gene expression profiles between irradiated and non-irradiated mites were compared, and three digital gene expression libraries were assembled and analyzed. The differentially expressed genes were putatively involved in apoptosis, cell death and the cell cycle. Finally, the expression profiles of some related genes were studied using quantitative real-time PCR. Our study provides valuable information on the changes in the transcriptome of irradiated P. citri, which will facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that cause the sterility induced by irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lingyan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xieting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Meiying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Qunfang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Ding TB, Zhong R, Jiang XZ, Liao CY, Xia WK, Liu B, Dou W, Wang JJ. Molecular characterisation of a sodium channel gene and identification of a Phe1538 to Ile mutation in citrus red mite, Panonychus citri. Pest Manag Sci 2015; 71:266-277. [PMID: 24753229 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is regarded as one of the most serious citrus pests in many countries and has developed high resistance to pyrethroids as a result of the intensive use of these acaricides. RESULTS The para sodium channel gene of P. citri (named PcNav ), containing an entire coding region of 6729 bp, was cloned in this study. Three alternative splicing sites and 12 potential RNA editing sites were identified in PcNav . Thus, exons alt 1 and alt 3-v3 were found to be unique to PcNav . Comparison of field fenpropathrin-resistant (WZ) and susceptible (LS) strains identified the point mutation F1538I in IIIS6 of the sodium channel, which is known to confer strong resistance to pyrethroids in mites. Moreover, it was also found that the PcNav mRNA was present during all life stages, and the transcript seems to be more abundant in larvae than in other developmental stages. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the F1538I mutation plays an important role in fenpropathrin resistance in citrus red mites. This is the first study of the sodium channel in P. citri and provides abundant information for further research on the mechanism of pyrethroid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
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Liu B, Dou W, Ding TB, Zhong R, Liao CY, Xia WK, Wang JJ. An analysis of the small RNA transcriptome of four developmental stages of the citrus red mite ( Panonychus citri). Insect Mol Biol 2014; 23:216-229. [PMID: 24330037 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) can feed on more than 112 plant species around the world. Endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) have proved to be important components of gene regulation in many eukaryotes. Recently, many sRNAs have been shown to be involved in various biological processes, such as development in many animals, including insects; however, to date, no sRNAs have been reported in the citrus red mite. Using Illumina sequencing, several categories of sRNAs were identified, including 594 known microRNAs (miRNAs) grouped into 206 families and 31 novel miRNAs in the four developmental stages of citrus red mite. In addition, according to bioinformatics analysis and S-Poly(T) miRNA assays, the expression level of many miRNAs varied among the developmental stages. Furthermore, the prediction of miRNAs target genes and their functional annotation indicated that miRNAs are involved in the regulation of multiple pathways in the citrus red mite. As the first report of the sRNA world in citrus red mite, the present study furthers our understanding of the roles played by sRNAs in the development of citrus red mite and the data may help to develop methods of controlling the pests in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Hong SC, Her KH, Kim HU, Lee J, Lee SP, Chung YB. Partial purification and properties of a cysteine protease from citrus red mite Panonychus citri. Korean J Parasitol 2014; 52:117-20. [PMID: 24623894 PMCID: PMC3948988 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported that the citrus red mites Panonychus citri were an important allergen of citrus-cultivating farmers in Jeju Island. The aim of the present study was to purify and assess properties of a cysteine protease from the mites acting as a potentially pathogenic factor to citrus-cultivating farmers. A cysteine protease was purified using column chromatography of Mono Q anion exchanger and Superdex 200 HR gel filtration. It was estimated to be 46 kDa by gel filtration column chromatography and consisted of 2 polypeptides, at least. Cysteine protease inhibitors, such as trans poxy-succinyl-L-leucyl-amido (4-guanidino) butane (E-64) and iodoacetic acid (IAA) totally inhibited the enzyme activities, whereas serine or metalloprotease inhibitors did not affect the activities. In addition, the purified enzyme degraded human IgG, collagen, and fibronectin, but not egg albumin. From these results, the cysteine protease of the mites might be involved in the pathogenesis such as tissue destruction and penetration instead of nutrient digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine and The Environmental Health Center, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-767, Korea
| | - Kyu-Hee Her
- Department of Surgery, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-767, Korea
| | - Heung-Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-767, Korea
| | - Jaechun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-767, Korea
| | - Sang Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 406-799, Korea
| | - Young-Bae Chung
- Department of Parasitology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 690-767, Korea
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