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Abstract
Testicular cancer is the most common solid neoplasm of adult men between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Germ cell tumors account for 95% of all testicular tumors. The assessment of staging is essential to guide further management of patients with testicular cancer and to prognosticate cancer-related outcomes. Postradical orchiectomy treatment options, including adjuvant therapy and active surveillance, vary based on the anatomical extent of disease, serum tumor markers, pathologic diagnosis, and imaging. This review provides an update on the germ cell tumor staging system adopted by the 8th edition of the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) Staging Manual, treatment implications, risk factors, and predictors of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Canete Portillo
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Soroush Rais-Bahrami
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Cristina Magi-Galluzzi
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Gao X, Zhao C, Zhang N, Cui X, Ren Y, Su C, Wu S, Yao Z, Yang J. Genetic expression and mutational profile analysis in different pathologic stages of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:786. [PMID: 34238242 PMCID: PMC8268469 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical pathologic stages (stage I, II, III-IV) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are closely linked to the clinical prognosis of patients. This study aims at investigating the gene expression and mutational profile in different clinical pathologic stages of HCC. METHODS Based on the TCGA-LIHC cohort, we utilized a series of analytical approaches, such as statistical analysis, random forest, decision tree, principal component analysis (PCA), to identify the differential gene expression and mutational profiles. The expression patterns of several targeting genes were also verified by analyzing the Chinese HLivH060PG02 HCC cohort, several GEO datasets, HPA database, and diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC mouse model. RESULTS We identified a series of targeting genes with copy number variation, which is statistically associated with gene expression. Non-synonymous mutations mainly existed in some genes (e.g.,TTN, TP53, CTNNB1). Nevertheless, no association between gene mutation frequency and pathologic stage distribution was detected. The random forest and decision tree modeling analysis data showed a group of genes related to different HCC pathologic stages, including GAS2L3 and SEMA3F. Additionally, our PCA data indicated several genes associated with different pathologic stages, including SNRPA and SNRPD2. Compared with adjacent normal tissues, we observed a highly expressed level of GAS2L3, SNRPA, and SNRPD2 (P = 0.002) genes in HCC tissues of our HLivH060PG02 cohort. We also detected the high expression pattern of GAS2L3, SEMA3F, SNRPA, and SNRPD2 in the datasets of GSE102079, GSE76427, GSE64041, GSE121248, GSE84005, and the qPCR assay using diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC mouse model. Moreover, SEMA3F and SNRPD2 protein were highly stained in the HCC tissues of the HPA database. The high expression level of these four genes was associated with the poor survival prognosis of HCC cases. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence regarding the gene expression and mutational profile in different clinical pathologic stages of TCGA HCC cases. Identifying four targeting genes, including GAS2L3, SNRPA, SNRPD2, and SEMA3F, offers insight into the molecular mechanisms associated with different prognoses of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoteng Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration , Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoyuan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Hu X, Sun G, Shi Z, Ni H, Jiang S. Identification and validation of key modules and hub genes associated with the pathological stage of oral squamous cell carcinoma by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8505. [PMID: 32117620 PMCID: PMC7006519 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a major lethal malignant cancer of the head and neck region, yet its molecular mechanisms of tumourigenesis are still unclear. Patients and methods We performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) on RNA-sequencing data with clinical information obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The relationship between co-expression modules and clinical traits was investigated by Pearson correlation analysis. Furthermore, the prognostic value and expression level of the hub genes of these modules were validated based on data from the TCGA database and other independent datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the Human Protein Atlas database. The significant modules and hub genes were also assessed by functional analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Results We found that the turquoise module was strongly correlated with pathologic T stage and significantly enriched in critical functions and pathways related to tumourigenesis. PPP1R12B, CFD, CRYAB, FAM189A2 and ANGPTL1 were identified and statistically validated as hub genes in the turquoise module and were closely implicated in the prognosis of OSCC. GSEA indicated that five hub genes were significantly involved in many well-known cancer-related biological functions and signaling pathways. Conclusion In brief, we systematically discovered a co-expressed turquoise module and five hub genes associated with the pathologic T stage for the first time, which provided further insight that WGCNA may reveal the molecular regulatory mechanism involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of OSCC. In addition, the five hub genes may be considered candidate prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for the precise early diagnosis, clinical treatment and prognosis of OSCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guanwen Sun
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuhou, Fujian, China.,Department of Stomatology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Ni
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Farooq A, Jorda M, Whittington E, Kryvenko ON, Braunhut BL, Pavan N, Procházková K, Zhang L, Rai S, Miller T, Liu J, Szabo A, Iczkowski KA. Rete Testis Invasion Is Consistent With Pathologic Stage T1 in Germ Cell Tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 2019; 151:479-485. [PMID: 30576407 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rete testis invasion by germ cell tumors is frequently concomitant with lymphovascular or spermatic cord invasion (LVI/SCI); independent implications for staging are uncertain. METHODS In total, 171 seminomas and 178 nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs; 46 had 1%-60% seminoma component) came from five institutions. Metastatic status at presentation, as a proxy for severity, was available for all; relapse data were unavailable for 152. Rete direct invasion (ReteD) and rete pagetoid spread (ReteP) were assessed. RESULTS ReteP and ReteD were more frequent in seminoma than NSGCT. In seminoma, tumor size bifurcated at 3 cm or more or less than 3 cm predicted metastatic status. Tumors with ReteP or ReteD did not differ in size from those without invasions but were less than with LVI/SCI; metastatic status or relapse did not show differences. In NSGCT, ReteP/ReteD did not correlate with size, metastatic status, or relapse. CONCLUSIONS Findings support retaining American Joint Committee for Cancer pathologic T1 stage designation for rete testis invasion and pT1a/pT1b substaging of seminoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merce Jorda
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Health System, Miami, FL
| | | | | | - Beth L Braunhut
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Health System, Miami, FL
| | - Nicola Pavan
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Health System, Miami, FL
| | | | - Lian Zhang
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Samarpit Rai
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Health System, Miami, FL
| | | | - Joy Liu
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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Lee JH, Yu M, Kim SH, Lee JH, Sung SY, Jeong BK, Jeong S, Nam TK, Jeong JU, Jang HS. Pathologic Staging Inconsistency Between ypT4N0 (stage II) and ypT1-2N1 (stage III) After Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy and Total Mesorectal Excision in Rectal Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Study. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2019; 18:e130-e139. [PMID: 30595556 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results population-based data, the survival curves reversed between T4N0 (stages IIB or IIC) and T1-2N1 (stage IIIA) in rectal cancer. However, T4N0 had a higher stage than T1-2N1 in the current colorectal staging system. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed 1804 patients with rectal cancer who were treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and curative surgery. We grouped patients by pathologic stage, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival rates were calculated and compared for each stage. We evaluated prognostic factors that influenced recurrence and survival. RESULTS In the recurrence and survival analysis, 3-year RFS rates were 95.9% for ypStage 0, 94.0% for ypStage I, 78.9% for ypStage IIA, 55.8% for ypStage IIB/C, 80.2% for ypStage IIIA, 64.6% for ypStage IIIB, and 44.9% for ypStage IIIC. Patients with ypStage IIB/C showed significantly worse RFS (P = .004) than did those with ypStage IIIA. The ypStage IIB/C group showed significantly higher rates of both locoregional recurrence (24.3% vs. 5.5%; P = .02) and distant metastasis (31.6% vs. 17.1%; P = .048) than did the ypStage IIIA group. Compared with ypStage IIIA, ypStage IIB/C showed significantly higher pre-chemoradiotherapy carcinoembryonic antigen (P = .004), circumferential radial margin involvement (P = .001), and positive perineural invasion (P = .014). CONCLUSION Patients with rectal cancer staged ypT4N0 were associated with higher locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis rates than those staged ypT1-2N1 in the current staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hwan Lee
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Kim
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Lee
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo-Yoon Sung
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Kwon Jeong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gyeongsang National University School of medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Songmi Jeong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ewha Woman's University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Keun Nam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Uk Jeong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Jang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Nwadei IU, Lorentz A, Patil D, Dimarco MA, Master VA, Osunkoya AO. Renal cell carcinoma with vena caval involvement: a contemporary clinicopathologic analysis of 53 cases. Hum Pathol 2015; 49:83-9. [PMID: 26826414 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A clinicopathologic analysis of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and vena caval involvement diagnosed at our institution was performed. Multiple clinicopathologic parameters were examined. Fifty-three cases were identified. Mean patient age was 62 years (range, 40-82 years). The cohort comprised 36 of 53 (68%) men and 17 of 53 (32%) women. Mean primary tumor size was 10.4 cm (range, 3.1-21.0 cm). The breakdown of tumor stage was as follows: 37 of 53 (70%) were pT3b, 14 of 53 (26%) were pT3c, and 2 of 53 (4%) were pT4. Most of the tumors were clear cell RCC (45/53, 84.6%), although other variants were also represented. All cases were Fuhrman nuclear grade 3 (34/53, 64%) or 4 (19/53, 36%). Tumor necrosis was present in 41 of 53 (77%) cases. At the time of the initial tumor resection, 11 of 53 (21%) cases were staged pM1. Of the 42 patients staged as pMX at the time of primary tumor resection, 12 of 42 (29%) later developed metastasis, most commonly to the lungs. Of all 53 cases with these very advanced tumors, only 6 of 53 (11.3%) had positive surgical margins: 4 of 53 (7.5%) had positive vascular resection margins, and 2 of 53 (3.8%) had focally positive perinephric fat margins. The mean 5-year survival in our cohort was 50%. Our findings suggest that a select group of patients with RCC with vena caval involvement may benefit from radical nephrectomy, although some tumors may have positive vascular and/or nonvascular surgical resection margins even in the best surgical hands. Multi-institutional studies are needed to further characterize these advanced tumors from the molecular standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma U Nwadei
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Adam Lorentz
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Dattatraya Patil
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Michelle A Dimarco
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Viraj A Master
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322; Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Adeboye O Osunkoya
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322; Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322; Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, 30322; Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, 30033.
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Hwang K, Park IJ, Yu CS, Lim SB, Lee JL, Yoon YS, Kim CW, Kim JC. Impression of prognosis regarding pathologic stage after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:563-570. [PMID: 25593475 PMCID: PMC4292289 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i2.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To ascertain pathologic stage as a prognostic indicator for rectal cancer patients receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy (PCRT).
METHODS: Patients with mid- and low rectal carcinoma (magnetic resonance imaging - based clinical stage II or III) between 2000 and 2009 and treated with curative radical resection were identified. Patients were divided into two groups: PCRT and No-PCRT. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was examined according to pathologic stage and addition of adjuvant treatment.
RESULTS: Overall, 894 patients were identified. Of these, 500 patients received PCRT. Adjuvant chemotherapy was delivered to 81.5% of the No-PCRT and 94.8% of the PCRT patients. Adjuvant radiotherapy was given to 29.4% of the patients in the No PCRT group. The 5-year RFS for the No-PCRT group was 92.6% for Stage I, 83.3% for Stage II, and 72.9% for Stage III. The 5-year RFS for the PCRT group was 95.2% for yp Stage 0, 91.7% for yp Stage I, 73.9% for yp Stage II, and 50.7% for yp Stage III.
CONCLUSION: Pathologic stage can predict prognosis in PCRT patients. 5-year RFS is significantly lower among PCRT patients than No-PCRT patients in pathologic stage II and III. These results should be taken into account when considering adjuvant treatment for patients treated with PCRT.
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James AC, Lee FC, Izard JP, Harris WP, Cheng HH, Zhao S, Gore JL, Lin DW, Porter MP, Yu EY, Wright JL. Role of maximal endoscopic resection before cystectomy for invasive urothelial bladder cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2014; 12:287-91. [PMID: 24560087 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine whether TUR of all visible endophytic tumors performed before RC, with or without NC, affects final pathologic staging. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed data from patients with clinical T2-T4N0-1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder who underwent RC at our institution between July 2005 and November 2011. Degree of TUR was derived from review of operative reports. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the association of maximal TUR on pT0 status at time of RC. RESULTS Of 165 eligible RC patients, 81 received NC. Reported TUR of all visible tumors was performed in 38% of patients who did not receive NC and 48% of NC patients (P = .19). Nine percent of patients who underwent maximal TUR and did not receive NC were pT0, whereas among NC patients, pT0 was seen in 39% and 19% of those with and without maximal TUR, respectively (P = .05). On multivariate analysis in all patients, maximal TUR was associated with a nonsignificant increased likelihood of pT0 status (odds ratio [OR], 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-4.94), which was significant when we restricted the analysis to NC patients (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.02-9.83). CONCLUSION Maximal TUR of all endophytic tumors before NC is associated with complete pathologic tumor response at RC. Candidates for NC before RC should undergo resection of all endophytic tumors when feasible. Larger series are warranted to see if maximal TUR leads to improved overall and disease-specific survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C James
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
| | - Franklin C Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jason P Izard
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - William P Harris
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Heather H Cheng
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Song Zhao
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - John L Gore
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel W Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael P Porter
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Evan Y Yu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jonathan L Wright
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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