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Hoang AQ, Tran TL, Tuyen LH, Nguyen TAH, Pham DM, Nguyen TC, Nguyen TN, Phan DQ, Nguyen MK, Tran VQ, Pham CT, Do Bui Q, Nguyen TQH. Perfluoroalkyl substances in food contact materials: preliminary investigation in Vietnam and global comparison. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:104181-104193. [PMID: 37698798 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of concerned persistent toxic substances, especially for their application or unintentional formation in food contact materials (FCMs). However, information about the occurrence, sources, and fate of these pollutants in food packaging materials from Vietnam as well as Southeast Asian countries is probably still obscured. In this study, levels of 13 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 4 sulfonates (PFSs) were determined in various types of food packaging samples collected from Vietnamese markets. Generally low concentrations of total 17 PFASs (median 0.341; max 624 ng/g) suggested that these compounds were mainly inadvertently produced rather than intentionally added to the packaging materials. A few mochi paper tray samples had relatively high PFAS levels (372-624 ng/g), which were dominated by long-chain (C8-C12) PFCAs. A comprehensive and updated overview of PFASs in FCMs from different countries in the world was also provided. Current database could not provide conclusive trends of PFAS concentrations and profiles in FCMs between continents and countries. The highest levels up to ppm were reported for PFCAs (e.g., PFBA, PFHxA, PFOA, and PFDA) and several fluorotelomer alcohols and carboxylic acids, while PFSs were almost absent in FCMs. FPASs can emit from FCMs, migrate to food, and then contribute to dietary exposure in humans and animals. Additional investigations on the occurrence, sources, behavior and fate, and impacts of PFASs in FCMs are critically needed, especially in emerging and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Lieu Tran
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Vietnam National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 99 Tran Quoc Toan, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Anh Huong Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Minh Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Chuc Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Environment, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Khoai Chau, Hung Yen, 17000, Vietnam
| | - Trong Nghia Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Environment, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Khoai Chau, Hung Yen, 17000, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Quang Phan
- Vietnam National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 99 Tran Quoc Toan, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Manh Khai Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Van Quy Tran
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Chau Thuy Pham
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, 144 Xuan Thuy, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Quang Do Bui
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Quynh Hoa Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Environment, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Khoai Chau, Hung Yen, 17000, Vietnam.
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Nübler S, Esteban López M, Castaño A, Mol HGJ, Haji-Abbas-Zarrabi K, Schäfer M, Müller J, Hajslova J, Dvorakova D, Antignac JP, Koch HM, Haug LS, Vorkamp K, Göen T. Interlaboratory Comparison Investigations (ICIs) and External Quality Assurance Schemes (EQUASs) for human biomonitoring of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in serum as part of the quality assurance programme under HBM4EU. Sci Total Environ 2022; 847:157481. [PMID: 35868372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are of very high concern due to their persistence and accumulative behaviour as well as their manifold adverse health effects. Human biomonitoring (HBM) based on the determination of PFASs in serum samples is an adequate and established strategy for exposure and risk assessment of the population. The suspected health risks associated with exposure levels in the general population call for reliable HBM data verified by Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) measures. PFASs were among the chemicals selected as priority substances in HBM4EU, a pan-European project to harmonize and advance HBM within 30 European countries. For this purpose, the analytical comparability and accuracy of PFASs-analysing laboratories was assessed in a QA/QC programme comprising Interlaboratory Comparison Investigations (ICIs) and External Quality Assurance Schemes (EQUASs). This paper presents the evaluation process and discusses the results of four ICI/EQUAS rounds for the determination of eight perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and four perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFBS, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFOS) in serum. All 21 participating laboratories achieved satisfactory results for at least six of these biomarkers, although low limits of quantification (of about 0.1 μg/L) were required to quantify serum PFAS levels at general population exposure levels. The mean relative standard deviation of the participants' results (study RSDR) significantly improved from 22 % to 13 % over all PFAS biomarkers in the course of the four rounds. This QA/QC programme succeeded in establishing a network of laboratories with high analytical comparability and accuracy for the analysis of PFASs across 12 European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Nübler
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marta Esteban López
- National Center for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo km2,2, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Center for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda a Pozuelo km2,2, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans G J Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Haji-Abbas-Zarrabi
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Schäfer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 5, 16028 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Dvorakova
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 5, 16028 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Göen
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestraße 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Bai X, Son Y. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water and sediments from two urban watersheds in Nevada, USA. Sci Total Environ 2021; 751:141622. [PMID: 32871315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study measured 17 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water and sediments collected from six locations along the Las Vegas Wash and Lake Mead and eight locations along the Truckee River, Lake Tahoe, and Pyramid Lake in Nevada, United States. Of the 17 PFAS analyzed, 12 were detected in the surface water (n = 18) and 14 were detected in the sediments (n = 21) of the two watersheds. The total concentration of PFAS in the Truckee River water was 441.7 ng/L and the PFAS detected in the Las Vegas Wash water was 2234.3 ng/L. The predominant PFAS species found in the water were perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (1.5-187.0 ng/L), followed by perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) (below detection limit [BDL] to 169.9 ng/L), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (BDL to 65.5 ng/L), and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) (BDL to 44.7 ng/L). The total PFAS in the sediments was 272.9 μg/kg (dry weight) for the Truckee River and 345.7 μg/kg for the Las Vegas Wash. The predominant species in the sediments were perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (PFDS) (BDL to 88.2 μg/kg), PFHxA (BDL to 20.3 μg/kg), PFBS (BDL to 29.1 μg/Kg), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA) (BDL to 22.9 μg/kg). The results demonstrated that short-chain PFAS (C ≤ 8) were more prevalent in water, whereas long-chain PFAS (C > 8) were more detectable in sediments. The Las Vegas Wash water had much higher PFAS levels compared with the Truckee River water. The PFAS concentrations and detection frequencies also significantly decreased in summer compared with winter along the Las Vegas Wash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Bai
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA.
| | - Yeongkwon Son
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
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