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Hanson KL, Weir RK, Iosif AM, Van de Water J, Carter CS, McAllister AK, Bauman MD, Schumann CM. Altered dendritic morphology in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of nonhuman primates prenatally exposed to maternal immune activation. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:92-101. [PMID: 36610487 PMCID: PMC10023379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Women who contract a viral or bacterial infection during pregnancy have an increased risk of giving birth to a child with a neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disorder. The effects of maternal infection are likely mediated by the maternal immune response, as preclinical animal models have confirmed that maternal immune activation (MIA) leads to long lasting changes in offspring brain and behavior development. The present study sought to determine the impact of MIA-exposure during the first or second trimester on neuronal morphology in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus from brain tissue obtained from MIA-exposed and control male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) during late adolescence. MIA-exposed offspring display increased neuronal dendritic branching in pyramidal cells in DLPFC infra- and supragranular layers relative to controls, with no significant differences observed between offspring exposed to maternal infection in the first and second trimester. In addition, the diameter of apical dendrites in DLPFC infragranular layer is significantly decreased in MIA-exposed offspring relative to controls, irrespective of trimester exposure. In contrast, alterations in hippocampal neuronal morphology of MIA-exposed offspring were not evident. These findings demonstrate that a maternal immune challenge during pregnancy has long-term consequences for primate offspring dendritic structure, selectively in a brain region vital for socioemotional and cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari L Hanson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, United States; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Ruth K Weir
- Innovation & Enterprise Department, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Judy Van de Water
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, United States; Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, United States
| | | | - Melissa D Bauman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, United States; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, United States; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States.
| | - Cynthia M Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, United States; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, United States.
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Hanson KL, Grant SE, Funk LH, Schumann CM, Bauman MD. Impact of Maternal Immune Activation on Nonhuman Primate Prefrontal Cortex Development: Insights for Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:460-469. [PMID: 35773097 PMCID: PMC9888668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Late adolescence is a period of dynamic change in the brain as humans learn to navigate increasingly complex environments. In particular, prefrontal cortical (PFC) regions undergo extensive remodeling as the brain is fine-tuned to orchestrate cognitive control over attention, reasoning, and emotions. Late adolescence also presents a uniquely vulnerable period as neurodevelopmental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, become evident and worsen into young adulthood. Challenges in early development, including prenatal exposure to infection, may set the stage for a cascade of maladaptive events that ultimately result in aberrant PFC connectivity and function before symptoms emerge. A growing body of research suggests that activation of the mother's immune system during pregnancy may act as a disease primer, in combination with other environmental and genetic factors, contributing to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia. Animal models provide an invaluable opportunity to examine the course of brain and behavioral changes in offspring exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA). Although the vast majority of MIA research has been carried out in rodents, here we highlight the translational utility of the nonhuman primate (NHP) as a model species more closely related to humans in PFC structure and function. In this review, we consider the protracted period of brain and behavioral maturation in the NHP, describe emerging findings from MIA NHP offspring in the context of rodent preclinical models, and lastly explore the translational relevance of the NHP MIA model to expand understanding of the etiology and developmental course of PFC pathology in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari L Hanson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Simone E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Lucy H Funk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cynthia M Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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Abstract
Infectious diseases represent a major cause of deaths worldwide. No vaccine or effective treatment exists nowadays, especially against intracellular pathogens. The increase in multiple drug and superbug antibiotic resistance strains, excessive medication, or misuse of drugs has prompted the search for other safe and effective alternatives. Consistent with this, adjuvants (Latin word "adjuvare": "help or aid") co-administered (Exo) in vaccines have emerged as a promising alternative to initiate and boost an innate, downstream signal that led to adaptative immune response. Nowadays, a promising model of strong immunogens and adjuvants at mucosal sites are the microbial bacterial toxins. Other adjuvants that are also used and might successfully replace aluminum salts in combination with nanotechnology are CpG-ODN, poly IC, type I IFNs, mRNA platforms. Therefore, in the present review, we focused to revisit the old to the new adjuvants compounds, the properties that make them friends in vaccine formulations against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I Tuero
- Faculty of Science and Phylosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Delorme TC, Srivastava LK, Cermakian N. Altered circadian rhythms in a mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorders based on prenatal maternal immune activation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:119-31. [PMID: 33412254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, exhibit various sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances that often persist and worsen throughout the lifespan. To study the interaction between circadian rhythm disruption and neurodevelopmental disorders, we utilized a mouse model based on prenatal maternal immune activation (MIA). We hypothesized that MIA exposure would lead to impaired circadian locomotor activity rhythms in adult mouse offspring. We induced MIA by injecting pregnant dams with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly IC) at embryonic day 9.5, then aged resulting offspring to adulthood. We first confirmed that poly IC injection in pregnant dams elevated plasma levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. We then placed adult offspring in running wheels and subjected them to various lighting conditions. Overall, poly IC-exposed male offspring exhibited altered locomotor activity rhythms, reminiscent of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, we report increased (subjective) day activity across 3 different lighting conditions: 12 h of light, 12 h of dark (12:12LD), constant darkness (DD) and constant light. Further data analysis indicated that this was driven by increased activity in the beginning of the (subjective) day in 12:12LD and DD, and at the end of the day in 12:12LD. This effect was sex-dependent, as in utero poly IC exposure led overall to much milder alterations in locomotor activity rhythms in female offspring than in male offspring. We also confirmed that the observed behavioral impairments in adult poly IC-exposed offspring were not due to differences in maternal behavior. These data further our understanding of the link between circadian rhythm disruption and neurodevelopmental disorders and may have implications for mitigating risk to the disorders and/or informing the development of circadian-based therapies.
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Ishaq M, Natarajan V. RNA-activated protein kinase differentially modulates innate immune response mediated by supraphysiological concentrations of thyroid hormone. Innate Immun 2020; 26:746-758. [PMID: 32924709 PMCID: PMC7787557 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920955214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptor ligands are known to modulate innate immunity by dampening the immune response induced by pathogens. Here, we report that unlike other ligands, 3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) induced the type 1 IFN response and expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). T3 action was found to be significantly amplified at supraphysiological concentrations (SPC) and in combination with double-stranded RNA mimic polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid. Induction by T3 was due to non-genomic mechanisms involving integrin binding, calcium mobilization, and phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase–AKT pathways, but was independent of TLR3, RIG-I, and IFN-β1 pathways. Whereas siRNA-induced knockdown of RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) was found to abrogate the T3-induced expression of select ISGs, expression of other T3-induced ISGs was strongly induced by PKR knockdown, indicating the differential role of PKR in modulating T3 action. Together, we describe a novel role of T3 in modulating the innate immune response and identify the importance of PKR in regulating T3-induced immune activation. These findings have important implications in the basic understanding of the mechanisms of T3 function at SPCs and crosstalk involved in the thyroid hormone function and the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ishaq
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, USA
| | - Ven Natarajan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, USA
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Wang Z, Chen T, Lin W, Zheng W, Chen J, Huang F, Xie X. Functional tumor specific CD8 + T cells in spleen express a high level of PD-1. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106242. [PMID: 32014811 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor on tumor specific T cells were mainly investigated at tumor site. While PD-1 expression can be rapidly unregulated upon T cell activation at lymphoid tissues, little is known about where PD-1 signal exerts its inhibitory function in tumor-bearing host. To address this issue, we assessed the effects of PD-1 on vaccine induced activation of splenic CD8 + T cells in mice. The vaccine consisted of mice CD8 + T cell epitope peptide and poly IC. After vaccination, spleen or tumor tissues were dissociated, IFN-γ synthesis and PD-1 expression by CD8 + T cells were detected by flow cytometry. We found that CD8 + T cells could be successfully activated in spleen after immunization, characterized by the capability of producing IFN-γ when encountering relevant peptide. These activated splenic CD8 + T cells also expressed a high level of PD-1. Although PD-L1 expression in spleen parenchyma was also increased after vaccination, PD-1 blockade did not affect the activation of splenic CD8 + T cells, but enhanced the anti-tumor effects of peptide vaccine. This synergetic effect of peptide vaccine plus PD-1 blockade was coupled with increased aggregation of IFN-γ + CD8 + tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs), rather than CD4 + TILs. The results indicated that for tumor-bearing host, PD-1 pathway exerted its inhibitory function at tumor site and PD-1 expression on the splenic CD8 + T cells correlated positively with IFN-γ synthesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/administration & dosage
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Poly I-C/immunology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Wanzun Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Weili Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Junying Chen
- Central Lab, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Central Lab, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Xianhe Xie
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China.
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Li Y, Imaizumi T, Matsumiya T, Seya K, Kawaguchi S, Ding J, Ohkuma H. Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid Induces CXCL1 Expression in Cultured hCMEC/D3 Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Neuroimmunomodulation 2020; 27:38-47. [PMID: 32294654 DOI: 10.1159/000506482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain microvascular endothelial cells are integral components of the blood-brain barrier and play a role in protecting the brain from invading microbes. CXC motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) induces the chemotaxis of neutrophils, and neutrophils are important in host defense in the brain. However, dysregulated neutrophil infiltration leads to brain diseases. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an TLR3 agonist on the expression of CXCL1 in brain vascular endothelial cells. METHODS hCMEC/D3 human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells were cultured and treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), a potent synthetic dsRNA agonist for TLR3. The production of CXCL1 mRNA and protein was assessed by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. The expression of CXCL1 was compared with that of CXCL8. The effect of pretreatment of cells with a NF-κB inhibitor (SN50), a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor (SB203580), a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125), an interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 inhibitor (MRT67307), and an anti-type I IFN-neutralizing antibody mixture was examined. Phosphorylation of p38 was examined using Western blotting. RESULTS Treating cultured hCMEC/D3 human cells with poly IC induced the expression of CXCL1 as well as another chemokine CXCL8. Pretreatment of cells with SN50, SB203580, and SP600125 decreased the induction of CXCL1 by poly IC. However, it was not affected by MRT67307 or by an anti-type I IFN-neutralizing antibody mixture. Pretreatment of cells with SN50 decreased the poly IC-induced phosphorylation of p38. CONCLUSIONS Poly IC induces the expression of CXCL1 in hCMEC/D3 cells. NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and JNK are involved in this reaction. There is a cross-talk between NF-κB and p38, and NF-κB partially regulates phosphorylation of p38. CXCL1 produced by brain microvascular endothelial cells may contribute to the brain's defense against viral infection and various neurological diseases associated with neutrophil accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan,
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Jiangli Ding
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohkuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Dabbah-Assadi F, Alon D, Golani I, Doron R, Kremer I, Beloosesky R, Shamir A. The influence of immune activation at early vs late gestation on fetal NRG1-ErbB4 expression and behavior in juvenile and adult mice offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:207-215. [PMID: 30738182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal inflammation during pregnancy is associated with a higher incidence of mental disorders (e.g. schizophrenia and autism) in the offspring. In our study, we investigate the involvement of the NRG-ErbB signaling pathway in rodent fetal brains four hours following maternal immune activation (MIA) insult at two different gestational days (i.e. early vs late). Furthermore, we test the long-term behavioral alteration of the exposed MIA mice at juvenile and adulthood. We demonstrate that MIA at late, but not at early gestation day, altered the expression of NRG1, its receptor ErbB4, and the dopamine D2 receptor four hours post injection of viral or bacterial mimic material in fetal brain. At the behavioral levels, adult late-MIA-exposed female offspring, but not juvenile, display lack preference to a novel object. While working memory alteration observed only in adult male MIA-exposed offspring at late gestation day. In addition, we found that adult females MIA-exposed mice spent more time in the center of the open field than female-saline groups. On the other hand, juvenile male offspring exposed to MIA at early, but not late, gestation day displayed a significant alteration in social interaction. Our results suggest that MIA during late gestation immediately influences the expression levels of the NRG1 and ErbB4 genes, and affects long-term behavioral changes at adulthood. These behavioral changes are time related and sex-specific. Thus, immune activation at late stages of the embryonic brain development initiates the activation of the NRG1-ErbB4 pathway and this disturbance might result in cognitive dysfunction in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dabbah-Assadi
- Psychobiology Research Laboratory, Mazor Mental Health Center, Akko, Israel; The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - D Alon
- Psychobiology Research Laboratory, Mazor Mental Health Center, Akko, Israel
| | - I Golani
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel, Israel
| | - R Doron
- Psychobiology Laboratory, School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel; Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University, Raanana, Israel
| | - I Kremer
- Psychobiology Research Laboratory, Mazor Mental Health Center, Akko, Israel; The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - R Beloosesky
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Shamir
- Psychobiology Research Laboratory, Mazor Mental Health Center, Akko, Israel; The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Li Y, Xu XL, Zhao D, Pan LN, Huang CW, Guo LJ, Lu Q, Wang J. TLR3 ligand Poly IC Attenuates Reactive Astrogliosis and Improves Recovery of Rats after Focal Cerebral Ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 21:905-13. [PMID: 26494128 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Brain ischemia activates astrocytes in a process known as astrogliosis. Although this process has beneficial effects, excessive astrogliosis can impair neuronal recovery. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) has shown neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, but whether it regulates reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation is not clear. METHODS We exposed cultured astrocytes to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and used a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion model to investigate the effects of Poly IC. Astrocyte proliferation and proliferation-related molecules were evaluated by immunostaining and Western blotting. Neurological deficit scores, infarct volumes and neuroplasticity were evaluated in rats after transient MCAO. RESULTS In vitro, Poly IC inhibited astrocyte proliferation, upregulated Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) expression, upregulated interferon-β, and downregulated interleukin-6 production. These changes were blocked by a neutralizing antibody against TLR3, suggesting that Poly IC function is TLR3-dependent. Moreover, in the MCAO model, Poly IC attenuated reactive astrogliosis, reduced brain infarction volume, and improved neurological function. In addition, Poly IC prevented MCAO-induced reductions in soma size, dendrite length, and number of dendritic bifurcations in cortical neurons of the infarct penumbra. CONCLUSIONS By ameliorating astrogliosis-related damage, Poly IC is a potential therapeutic agent for attenuating neuronal damage and promoting recovery after brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Lin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Na Pan
- Medical Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian-Jun Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Vo NTK, Bender AW, Ammendolia DA, Lumsden JS, Dixon B, Bols NC. Development of a walleye spleen stromal cell line sensitive to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV IVb) and to protection by synthetic dsRNA. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 45:83-93. [PMID: 25701636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A cell line, WE-spleen6, has been developed from the stromal layer of primary spleen cell cultures. On conventional plastic, WE-spleen6 cells had a spindle-shaped morphology at low cell density but grew to become epithelial-like at confluency. On the commercial extracellular matrix (ECM), Matrigel, the cells remained spindle-shaped and formed lumen-like structures. WE-spleen6 cells had intermediate filament protein, vimentin and the ECM protein, collagen I, but not smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and lacked alkaline phosphatase and phagocytic activities. WE-spleen6 was more susceptible to infection with VHSV IVb than a fibroblast and epithelial cell lines from the walleye caudal fin, WE-cfin11f and WE-cfin11e, respectively. Viral transcripts and proteins appeared earlier in WE-spleen6 cultures as did cytopathic effect (CPE) and significant virus production. The synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (pIC), induced the antiviral protein Mx in both cell lines. Treating WE-spleen6 cultures with pIC prior to infection with VHSV IVb inhibited the early accumulation of viral transcripts and proteins and delayed the appearance of CPE and significant viral production. Of particular note, pIC caused the disappearance of viral P protein 2 days post infection. WE-spleen6 should be useful for investigating the impact of VHSV IVb on hematopoietic organs and the actions of pIC on the rhabdovirus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron W Bender
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - John S Lumsden
- Ontario Veterinary College, Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N2G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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11
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Machado CJ, Whitaker AM, Smith SE, Patterson PH, Bauman MD. Maternal immune activation in nonhuman primates alters social attention in juvenile offspring. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:823-32. [PMID: 25442006 PMCID: PMC7010413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickness during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of offspring neurodevelopmental disorders. Rodent models have played a critical role in establishing causal relationships and identifying mechanisms of altered brain and behavior development in pups prenatally exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA). We recently developed a novel nonhuman primate model to bridge the gap between human epidemiological studies and rodent models of prenatal immune challenge. Our initial results demonstrated that rhesus monkeys given the viral mimic synthetic double-stranded RNA (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid stabilized with poly-l-lysine) during pregnancy produce offspring with abnormal repetitive behaviors, altered communication, and atypical social interactions. METHODS We utilized noninvasive infrared eye tracking to further evaluate social processing capabilities in a subset of the first trimester MIA-exposed offspring (n = 4) and control animals (n = 4) from our previous study. RESULTS As juveniles, the MIA offspring differed from control animals on several measures of social attention, particularly when viewing macaque faces depicting the fear grimace facial expression. Compared with control animals, MIA offspring had a longer latency before fixating on the eyes, had fewer fixations directed at the eyes, and spent less total time fixating on the eyes of the fear grimace images. CONCLUSIONS In the rhesus monkey model, exposure to MIA at the end of the first trimester results in abnormal gaze patterns to salient social information. The use of noninvasive eye tracking extends the findings from rodent MIA models to more human-like behaviors resembling those in both autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.
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Rahimian S, Fransen MF, Kleinovink JW, Christensen JR, Amidi M, Hennink WE, Ossendorp F. Polymeric nanoparticles for co-delivery of synthetic long peptide antigen and poly IC as therapeutic cancer vaccine formulation. J Control Release 2015; 203:16-22. [PMID: 25660830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to develop a cancer vaccine formulation for treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced malignancies. Synthetic long peptides (SLPs) derived from HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins have been used for therapeutic vaccination in clinical trials with promising results. In preclinical and clinical studies adjuvants based on mineral oils (such as incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and Montanide) are used to create a sustained release depot at the injection site. While the depot effect of mineral oils is important for induction of robust immune responses, their administration is accompanied with severe adverse and long lasting side effects. In order to develop an alternative for IFA family of adjuvants, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) based on hydrophilic polyester (poly(d,l lactic-co-hydroxymethyl glycolic acid) (pLHMGA)) were prepared. These NPs were loaded with a synthetic long peptide (SLP) derived from HPV16 E7 oncoprotein and a toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand (poly IC) by double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The therapeutic efficacy of the nanoparticulate formulations was compared to that of HPV SLP+poly IC formulated in IFA. Encapsulation of HPV SLP antigen in NPs substantially enhanced the population of HPV-specific CD8+ T cells when combined with poly IC either co-encapsulated with the antigen or in its soluble form. The therapeutic efficacy of NPs containing poly IC in tumor eradication was equivalent to that of the IFA formulation. Importantly, administration of pLHMGA nanoparticles was not associated with adverse effects and therefore these biodegradable nanoparticles are excellent substitutes for IFA in cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Rahimian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke F Fransen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Kleinovink
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonatan Riis Christensen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Amidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Karagianni AE, Kapetanovic R, McGorum BC, Hume DA, Pirie SR. The equine alveolar macrophage: functional and phenotypic comparisons with peritoneal macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:219-28. [PMID: 23978307 PMCID: PMC3795452 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) constitute the first line of defence in the lung of all species, playing a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses to inhaled pathogens. A detailed understanding of the function and phenotype of AMs is a necessary pre-requisite to both elucidating their role in preventing opportunistic bacterial colonisation of the lower respiratory tract and developing appropriate preventative strategies. The purpose of the study was to characterise this important innate immune cell at the tissue level by making functional and phenotypic comparisons with peritoneal macrophages (PMs). We hypothesised that the tissue of origin determines a unique phenotype of AMs, which may constitute an appropriate therapeutic target for certain equine respiratory diseases. Macrophages isolated from the lung and the peritoneal cavity of 9 horses were stimulated with various toll like receptor (TLR) ligands and the production of nitrite, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL) 10 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) were measured by the Griess reaction and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Cells were also compared on the basis of phagocytic-capacity and the expression of several cell surface markers. AMs, but not PMs, demonstrated increased TNFα release following stimulation with LPS, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) and heat-killed Salmonella typhinurium and increased TNFα and IDO mRNA expression when stimulated with LPS. AMs showed high expression of the specific macrophage markers cluster of differentiation (CD) 14, CD163 and TLR4, whereas PMs showed high expression of TLR4 only. AMs, but not PMs, demonstrated efficient phagocytic activity. Our results demonstrate that AMs are more active than PMs when stimulated with various pro-inflammatory ligands, thus supporting the importance of the local microenvironment in the activation status of the macrophage. This information provides a valuable knowledge base on which to improve our understanding of the role of macrophages and their microenvironment in equine innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Karagianni
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK.
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