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Marr MC, Graham AM, Feczko E, Nolvi S, Thomas E, Sturgeon D, Schifsky E, Rasmussen JM, Gilmore JH, Styner M, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Korja R, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Buss C, Fair DA. Maternal Perinatal Stress Trajectories and Negative Affect and Amygdala Development in Offspring. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:766-777. [PMID: 37670606 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal psychological stress during pregnancy is a common risk factor for psychiatric disorders in offspring, but little is known about how heterogeneity of stress trajectories during pregnancy affect brain systems and behavioral phenotypes in infancy. This study was designed to address this gap in knowledge. METHODS Maternal anxiety, stress, and depression were assessed at multiple time points during pregnancy in two independent low-risk mother-infant cohorts (N=115 and N=2,156). Trajectories in maternal stress levels in relation to infant negative affect were examined in both cohorts. Neonatal amygdala resting-state functional connectivity MRI was examined in a subset of one cohort (N=60) to explore the potential relationship between maternal stress trajectories and brain systems in infants relevant to negative affect. RESULTS Four distinct trajectory clusters, characterized by changing patterns of stress over time, and two magnitude clusters, characterized by severity of stress, were identified in the original mother-infant cohort (N=115). The magnitude clusters were not associated with infant outcomes. The trajectory characterized by increasing stress in late pregnancy was associated with blunted development of infant negative affect. This relationship was replicated in the second, larger cohort (N=2,156). In addition, the trajectories that included increasing or peak maternal stress in late pregnancy were related to stronger neonatal amygdala functional connectivity to the anterior insula and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the exploratory analysis. CONCLUSIONS The trajectory of maternal stress appears to be important for offspring brain and behavioral development. Understanding heterogeneity in trajectories of maternal stress and their influence on infant brain and behavioral development is critical to developing targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie C Marr
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Alice M Graham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Eric Feczko
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Saara Nolvi
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Elina Thomas
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Darrick Sturgeon
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Emma Schifsky
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Jerod M Rasmussen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Riikka Korja
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Claudia Buss
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
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Cruceanu C, Dony L, Krontira AC, Fischer DS, Roeh S, Di Giaimo R, Kyrousi C, Kaspar L, Arloth J, Czamara D, Gerstner N, Martinelli S, Wehner S, Breen MS, Koedel M, Sauer S, Sportelli V, Rex-Haffner M, Cappello S, Theis FJ, Binder EB. Cell-Type-Specific Impact of Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation on the Developing Brain: A Cerebral Organoid Study. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:375-387. [PMID: 34698522 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A fine-tuned balance of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation is essential for organ formation, with disturbances influencing many health outcomes. In utero, glucocorticoids have been linked to brain-related negative outcomes, with unclear underlying mechanisms, especially regarding cell-type-specific effects. An in vitro model of fetal human brain development, induced human pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cerebral organoids, was used to test whether cerebral organoids are suitable for studying the impact of prenatal glucocorticoid exposure on the developing brain. METHODS The GR was activated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, and the effects were mapped using single-cell transcriptomics across development. RESULTS The GR was expressed in all cell types, with increasing expression levels through development. Not only did its activation elicit translocation to the nucleus and the expected effects on known GR-regulated pathways, but also neurons and progenitor cells showed targeted regulation of differentiation- and maturation-related transcripts. Uniquely in neurons, differentially expressed transcripts were significantly enriched for genes associated with behavior-related phenotypes and disorders. This human neuronal glucocorticoid response profile was validated across organoids from three independent hiPSC lines reprogrammed from different source tissues from both male and female donors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that excessive glucocorticoid exposure could interfere with neuronal maturation in utero, leading to increased disease susceptibility through neurodevelopmental processes at the interface of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure. Cerebral organoids are a valuable translational resource for exploring the effects of glucocorticoids on early human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Leander Dony
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Anthi C Krontira
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - David S Fischer
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Simone Roeh
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Rossella Di Giaimo
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Lea Kaspar
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Janine Arloth
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Nathalie Gerstner
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Silvia Martinelli
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Stefanie Wehner
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Michael S Breen
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Maik Koedel
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Susann Sauer
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Vincenza Sportelli
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Monika Rex-Haffner
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany (Cruceanu, Dony, Krontira, Roeh, Kaspar, Arloth, Czamara, Gerstner, Martinelli, Wehner, Koedel, Sauer, Sportelli, Rex-Haffner, Binder);International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Dony, Krontira, Kaspar, Gerstner);Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (Dony, Fischer, Arloth, Theis);TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany (Fischer);Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich (Di Giaimo, Kyrousi, Cappello);Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (Di Giaimo);First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and University Mental Health, Neurosciences, and Precision Medicine Research Institute "Costas Stefanis," Athens, Greece (Kyrousi);Department of Psychiatry, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, and Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (Breen);School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Munich (Theis);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (Binder)
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