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Menezes PMN, Araújo TCDL, Pereira ECV, Neto JA, Silva DS, Brito MC, Lima KSB, Monte APOD, Matos MHTD, Lima RSD, Ribeiro LADA, Silva FS, Rolim LA. Investigation of antinociceptive, antipyretic, antiasthmatic, and spasmolytic activities of Brazilian Cannabis sativa L. roots in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 278:114259. [PMID: 34058314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Many studies are performed with the aerial parts of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae). However, roots remain poorly studied, despite citations in the scientific literature. The C. sativa roots are indicated for the treatment of pain, inflammation, fever, among other health problems. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive, antipyretic, antiasthmatic, and spasmolytic activities of C. sativa roots in experimental models using mice and rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The chemical composition of the aqueous extract of C. sativa roots (AECsR) was evaluated by LC-MS. The antinociceptive activity was assessed in mice by the induction of writhing with acetic acid, paw licking with formalin, and reactivity in the hot plate test. Fever was induced by the administration of a suspension of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in young rats. The asthmatic activity was performed with ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice with cellular and histological analysis. Finally, the spasmolytic activity was performed using mice isolated trachea. For in vivo studies, the doses were 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg whereas for in vitro, the concentration of AECsR was 729 μg/mL. RESULTS From the LC-MS data, we identified p-coumaroyltyramine, feruloyltyramine canabissativine in AECsR. The extract promoted a reduction of writhing in all tested doses (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg). Similarly, it reduced the pain in the formalin test at doses of 12.5 and 50 mg/kg (first phase) and 12.5 and 25 mg/kg (second phase). In the hot plate test, the doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg promoted antinociceptive effect at different times, and the lowest dose maintained its action in the analyzes performed at 60, 90, and 120 min after administration. The anti-inflammatory activity of AECsR was observed in the mouse model of asthma, reducing the total leukocyte count in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) at a dose of 25 mg/kg, as well as reducing eosinophilia in all tested doses (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg). Histological analysis of lungs stained with H&E and PAS showed a reduction in the number of inflammatory cells in the perivascular and peribronchial region, as well as reduced mucus production. CONCLUSION The results suggest that AECsR promotes pain control, either by a central or inflammatory mechanism, and has antiasthmatic activity. However, there was no antipyretic or spasmolytic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janaine Almeida Neto
- Pós-graduação em Biociências - PGB, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil.
| | - David Souza Silva
- Pós-graduação em Biociências - PGB, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Coelho Brito
- Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - PPGB, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - UEFS, Feira de Santana-BA, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro
- Pós-graduação em Biociências - PGB, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Souza Silva
- Pós-graduação em Biociências - PGB, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil; Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - PPGB, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - UEFS, Feira de Santana-BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Araújo Rolim
- Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia - RENORBIO, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco- UFRPE, Recife/PE, Brazil; Pós-graduação em Biociências - PGB, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, Brazil.
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Liu W, Kleine-Holthaus SM, Herranz-Martin S, Aristorena M, Mole SE, Smith AJ, Ali RR, Rahim AA. Experimental gene therapies for the NCLs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165772. [PMID: 32220628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), also known as Batten disease, are a group of rare monogenic neurodegenerative diseases predominantly affecting children. All NCLs are lethal and incurable and only one has an approved treatment available. To date, 13 NCL subtypes (CLN1-8, CLN10-14) have been identified, based on the particular disease-causing defective gene. The exact functions of NCL proteins and the pathological mechanisms underlying the diseases are still unclear. However, gene therapy has emerged as an attractive therapeutic strategy for this group of conditions. Here we provide a short review discussing updates on the current gene therapy studies for the NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Liu
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK
| | | | - Saul Herranz-Martin
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC) and Departamento de Biología Molecular,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Robin R Ali
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK.
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Abstract
Humanized mice have proven to be invaluable for human hematological translational research since they offer essential tools to dissect disease biology and to bridge the gap between pre-clinical testing of novel therapeutics and their clinical applications. Many efforts have been placed to advance and optimize humanized mice to support the engraftment, differentiation, and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the human hematological system in order to broaden the scope of applications of such models. This review covers the background of humanized mice, how they are used as platforms to model myeloid malignancies, and the various current and potential approaches to further enhance their utilization in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Gbyli
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuanbin Song
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine and Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Abstract
For many genetic diseases, researchers are developing personalized medicine approaches. These sometimes employ custom genetic interventions such as antisense-mediated exon skipping or genome editing, aiming to restore protein function in a mutation-specific manner. Animal models can facilitate the development of personalized medicine approaches; however, given that they target human mutations and therefore human genetic sequences, scientists rely on the availability of humanized animal models. Here, we outline the usefulness, caveats and potential of such models, using the example of the hDMDdel52/mdx model, a humanized model recently generated for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike van Putten
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; The 85th Hospital of CPLA, Shanghai, China
| | - Johnie Hodge
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dawei Wang
- The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Emergency Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- The Second Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Emergency Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Janowska J, Gargas J, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Zalewska T, Buzanska L, Sypecka J. Directed glial differentiation and transdifferentiation for neural tissue regeneration. Exp Neurol 2018; 319:112813. [PMID: 30171864 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells which are indispensable for the central nervous system development and functioning, are proven to be vulnerable to a harmful influence of pathological cues and tissue misbalance. However, they are also highly sensitive to both in vitro and in vivo modulation of their commitment, differentiation, activity and even the fate-switch by different types of bioactive molecules. Since glial cells (comprising macroglia and microglia) are an abundant and heterogeneous population of neural cells, which are almost uniformly distributed in the brain and the spinal cord parenchyma, they all create a natural endogenous reservoir of cells for potential neurogenerative processes required to be initiated in response to pathophysiological cues present in the local tissue microenvironment. The past decade of intensive investigation on a spontaneous and enforced conversion of glial fate into either alternative glial (for instance from oligodendrocytes to astrocytes) or neuronal phenotypes, has considerably extended our appreciation of glial involvement in restoring the nervous tissue cytoarchitecture and its proper functions. The most effective modulators of reprogramming processes have been identified and tested in a series of pre-clinical experiments. A list of bioactive compounds which are potent in guiding in vivo cell fate conversion and driving cell differentiation includes a selection of transcription factors, microRNAs, small molecules, exosomes, morphogens and trophic factors, which are helpful in boosting the enforced neuro-or gliogenesis and promoting the subsequent cell maturation into desired phenotypes. Herein, an issue of their utility for a directed glial differentiation and transdifferentiation is discussed in the context of elaborating future therapeutic options aimed at restoring the diseased nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Janowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Gargas
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Ziemka-Nalecz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Zalewska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sypecka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Eighty percent of drugs that enter human clinical testing are never approved for use. This means that for every five drugs that make it into the clinic, there are four that failed to show effectiveness for treating the disease or condition the drug was designed to treat.This high failure rate means there are many existing, partially developed therapeutic candidates with known pharmacology, formulation, and potential toxicity. Finding new uses for existing experimental drugs or biologics "repositioning" builds upon previous research and development efforts, so new candidate therapies can be advanced to clinical trials for a new use more quickly than starting from scratch.Federal funding initiatives in the U.S. and UK started to support pre-clinical /or early stage trials for repositioning existing experimental drugs or biologics (therapies). This chapter covers some of the process issues that have been solved and the remaining challenges that are still in need of solutions. The chapter is primarily written from a U.S. federal funding perspective. The general concepts could be applied more globally to benefit rare and neglected disease populations. The drug development and process bottlenecks are the same for both rare and common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie Ann Austin
- Drug Development Partnership Programs, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ami D Gadhia
- Office of Strategic Alliances, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
The efficiency of clinical trials involving transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is often insufficient due to harsh conditions present within the target tissue including hypoxia, low nutrient supply as well as inflammatory reactions. This indicates the necessity for optimization of cell-based therapy approaches which might include either modification of the cell manufacturing process or specific cell pretreatment procedures prior to transplantation. Recent reports confirm evidence that the aggregation of MSCs into three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids results in enhancement of the overall therapeutic potential of cells, by improving the anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties, stemness and survival of MSCs after transplantation. Such an MSCs spheroid generation approach may open new opportunities for the enlargement of MSCs applications in clinical research and therapy. However, the unification and optimization of 3D spheroid generation techniques, including the selection of appropriate clinical-grade culture conditions and methods for their large-scale production, are still of great importance. The current review addresses questions regarding therapeutic-associated properties of 3D multicellular MSCs spheroids in vitro and during preclinical animal studies, with special attention to the possibilities of translating these research achievements toward further clinical manufacturing and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Petrenko
- Department of Biomaterials and Biophysical Methods, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR v. v. i, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4-Krč, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Syková
- Department of Neuroscience, Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Kubinová
- Department of Biomaterials and Biophysical Methods, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR v. v. i, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4-Krč, Czech Republic
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Piccinini F, Tesei A, Bevilacqua A. Single-image based methods used for non-invasive volume estimation of cancer spheroids: a practical assessing approach based on entry-level equipment. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2016; 135:51-60. [PMID: 27586479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer multicellular spheroids are commonly used as 3D tumour models for testing drugs and radiotherapy treatments. The volume plays a key role in analysis of the results. Several methods have been proposed in the literature to compute the spheroid's volume from one 2D microscopy image (i.e. a single projection). However, the literature lacks reviews summarising the different methods available. Furthermore, there are no well-established approaches by which to compare the different methods and determine the best one. OBJECTIVE In this work we (a) revise the existing single-image based methods used to estimate the volume of multicellular spheroids, also providing different implementations for classical spherical and ellipsoidal pre-defined models; (b) present an upgrade of a volume estimation software recently proposed, Reconstruction and Visualization from a Single Projection (ReViSP), just validated by using four real spheroids imaged in 3D with a light-sheet microscope; (c) propose a quality assessing approach for single-image based methods, relying on 3D home-made macroscopic synthetic models mimicking the shapes of real multicellular spheroids. RESULTS Seven image-based methods used to estimate the volume of spheroids were compared using six 3D home-made synthetic models. First, the material used to make the synthetic models was characterised to estimate its density. Then, the ground-truth volume of the 3D models was measured by simply weighing them. The volume instances estimated by the different methods were compared with ground truth. ReViSP attained the best result three times out of six and on average. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained proved that (a) different implementations for the classical spherical and ellipsoidal pre-defined models may lead to very different results; (b) ReViSP is the best single-image based method available today to estimate the volume of multicellular spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Piccinini
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems for Information and Communication Technologies "E. De Castro" (ARCES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bevilacqua
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems for Information and Communication Technologies "E. De Castro" (ARCES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (DISI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Merchant HA, Afonso-Pereira F, Rabbie SC, Youssef SA, Basit AW. Gastrointestinal characterisation and drug solubility determination in animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:630-9. [PMID: 25560785 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise the gastrointestinal (GI) environment in rat, rabbit and pig for the purpose of determining their utility as animal models for drug delivery in humans. METHODS GI fluid samples were characterised for osmolality, surface tension, pH and buffer capacity. The solubility of two model drugs, mesalazine (ionisable) and prednisolone (unionisable), were also measured and the results were correlated to the physicochemical fluid data. KEY FINDINGS The solubility of the ionisable drug mesalazine was positively correlated to the GI pH in all three species and was significantly influenced by the pH difference. In contrast, the solubility of the unionisable compound prednisolone was not correlated significantly to the changes in pH, buffer capacity, osmolality or surface tension. In general, the solubility of prednisolone was constant irrespective of the location of the sample in the gut from rabbit and pig; however, an unusual trend was observed for the solubility of prednisolone in rats. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that solubility of ionisable drugs or pH-responsive formulations is significantly influenced by the differences in pH along the GI tract and inter-species differences. It was also found that the data on the GI solubility of prednisolone (a neutral compound) in rats might overestimate its true value in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid A Merchant
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
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Vilhelmsson-Timmermand O, Santos E, Thorek DLJ, Evans-Axelsson S, Bjartell A, Lilja H, Larson SM, Strand SE, Tran TA, Ulmert D. Radiolabeled antibodies in prostate cancer: a case study showing the effect of host immunity on antibody bio-distribution. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 42:375-80. [PMID: 25577038 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human tumors xenografted in immunodeficient mice are crucial models in nuclear medicine to evaluate the effectiveness of candidate diagnostic and therapeutic compounds. However, little attention has been focused on the biological profile of the host model and its potential effects on the bio-distribution and tumor targeting of the tracer compound under study. We specifically investigated the dissimilarity in bio-distribution of (111)In-DTPA-5A10, which targets free prostate specific antigen (fPSA), in two animal models. METHODS In vivo bio-distribution studies of (111)In-DTPA-5A10 were performed in immunodeficient BALB/c-nu or NMRI-nu mice with subcutaneous (s.c.) LNCaP tumors. Targeting-specificity of the tracer was assessed by quantifying the uptake in (a) mice with s.c. xenografts of PSA-negative DU145 cells as well as (b) BALB/c-nu or NMRI-nu mice co-injected with an excess of non-labeled 5A10. Finally, the effect of neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn) inhibition on the bio-distribution of the conjugate was studied by saturating FcRn-binding capacity with nonspecific IgG1. RESULTS The inherent biological attributes of the mouse model substantially influenced the bio-distribution and pharmacokinetics of (111)In-DTPA-5A10. With LNCaP xenografts in BALB/c-nu mice (with intact B and NK cells but with deficient T cells) versus NMRI-nu mice (with intact B cells, increased NK cells and absent T cells), we observed a significantly higher hepatic accumulation (26 ± 3.9 versus 3.5 ± 0.4%IA/g respectively), and concomitantly lower tumor uptake (25 ± 11 versus 52 ± 10%IA/g respectively) in BALB/c-nu mice. Inhibiting FcRn by administration of nonspecific IgG1 just prior to (111)In-DTPA-5A10 did not change tumor accumulation significantly. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the choice of immunodeficient mouse model importantly influence the bio-distribution of (111)In-DTPA-5A10. This study further highlighted important considerations in the evaluation of preclinical tracers, with respect to gaining information on their performance in the translational setting. Investigators utilizing xenograft models need to assess not only radiolabeling strategies, but also the host immunological status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elmer Santos
- Department of Radiology (Nuclear Medicine Service), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Division of Nuclear Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan Evans-Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hans Lilja
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine (GU Oncology), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Steven M Larson
- Department of Radiology (Nuclear Medicine Service), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sven-Erik Strand
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thuy A Tran
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund University Bioimaging Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Ulmert
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Urological Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Döbrössy MD, Furlanetti LL, Coenen VA. Electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in pre-clinical studies of psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 49:32-42. [PMID: 25498857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Modulating neuronal activity by electrical stimulation has expanded from the realm of motor indications into the field of psychiatric disorders in the past 10 years. The medial forebrain bundle (MFB), with a seminal role in motor, reward orientated and affect regulation behaviors, and its afferent and efferent loci, have been targeted in several DBS trials in patients with psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about the consequences of modulating the MFB in affective disorders. The paper reviews the relevant pre-clinical literature investigating electrical stimulation of regions associated with the MFB in the context of several models of psychiatric disorders, in particular depression. The clinical data is promising but limited, and pre-clinical studies are essential for improved understanding of the anatomy, the connectivity, and the consequences of stimulation of the MFB and regions associated with the neurocircuitry of psychiatric disorders. Current data suggests that the MFB is at a "privileged" position on this circuitry and its stimulation can simultaneously modulate activity at other key sites, such as the nucleus accumbens, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex or the ventral tegmental area. Future experimental work will need to shed light on the anti-depressive mechanisms of MFB stimulation in order to optimize clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté D Döbrössy
- Laboratory of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Germany.
| | - Luciano L Furlanetti
- Laboratory of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Germany
| | - Volker A Coenen
- Laboratory of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Germany
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Merchant HA, Rabbie SC, Varum FJ, Afonso-Pereira F, Basit AW. Influence of ageing on the gastrointestinal environment of the rat and its implications for drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:76-85. [PMID: 24834990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-mediated changes in gut physiology are considerations central to the elucidation of drug performance from oral formulations. Using rats of different age groups we measured the pH, buffer capacity, fluid volume, osmolality, and surface tension of gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, and therein explored the impact of these variables on prednisolone and mesalazine solubility in luminal fluids. We also studied the distribution of gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and mucus layer thickness across the GI tract in rats of different age groups. At a mucosal level, there was an increase in GALT from young to adult rat. Gastrointestinal pH and buffer capacity remained mostly unchanged with age, except some pH differences in stomach and distal small intestine and a higher buffer capacity in the large intestinal fluids of young rats. Osmolality and surface tension also remained unaffected with the exception of a lower osmolality in elderly stomach and a lower surface tension in the small intestine of young rats. The difference in luminal environment on ageing influenced the solubility of studied drugs, for instance prednisolone solubility was shown to be higher in adult rats (mid small intestine and caecum) and solubility of mesalazine was significantly higher in the elderly distal small intestine.
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Martinez AMB, Goulart CDO, Ramalho BDS, Oliveira JT, Almeida FM. Neurotrauma and mesenchymal stem cells treatment: From experimental studies to clinical trials. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:179-194. [PMID: 24772245 PMCID: PMC3999776 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has attracted the attention of scientists and clinicians around the world. Basic and pre-clinical experimental studies have highlighted the positive effects of MSC treatment after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury. These effects are believed to be due to their ability to differentiate into other cell lineages, modulate inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses, reduce cell apoptosis, secrete several neurotrophic factors and respond to tissue injury, among others. There are many pre-clinical studies on MSC treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) and peripheral nerve injuries. However, the same is not true for clinical trials, particularly those concerned with nerve trauma, indicating the necessity of more well-constructed studies showing the benefits that cell therapy can provide for individuals suffering the consequences of nerve lesions. As for clinical trials for SCI treatment the results obtained so far are not as beneficial as those described in experimental studies. For these reasons basic and pre-clinical studies dealing with MSC therapy should emphasize the standardization of protocols that could be translated to the clinical set with consistent and positive outcomes. This review is based on pre-clinical studies and clinical trials available in the literature from 2010 until now. At the time of writing this article there were 43 and 36 pre-clinical and 19 and 1 clinical trials on injured spinal cord and peripheral nerves, respectively.
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