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Ely VL, Felipetto Cargnelutti J, Segabinazzi Ries A, Gressler LT, Costa S, Braz PH, Pötter L, Matiuzzi da Costa M, Gomes da Silva Júnior F, Pequeno de Oliveira H, Sangioni LA, Brayer Pereira DI, de Avila Botton S. Prototheca bovis in goats: Experimental mastitis and treatment with polypyrrole. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105950. [PMID: 36528325 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca bovis has been associated with several cases of mastitis in cattle but no record of intramammary infections has been reported in goats. This infection does not respond to available treatments and the disposal recommendation of affected animals cause great damage to the dairy industry. Alternatives for dealing with infections caused by Prototheca spp. are required worldwide. In vitro results suggest polypyrrole as promising molecule for combating this alga, because an algaecide effect was observed on tested Prototheca spp. isolates. Thus, this study evaluated goats as an experimental model for intramammary infection by P. bovis and a protocol for treating these animals with an intramammary polypyrrole solution. The possibility of P. bovis promoting an intramammary infection in goats was experimentally proven, demonstrating this species as an important model for studies involving algae mastitis. Furthermore, polypyrrole reduced the counts of Prototheca sp. in the analyzed samples, showing potential to fight this microorganism also in vivo. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the ability of P. bovis to colonize breast tissue in lactating goats and the highly soluble molecule of polypyrrole has potential use for the treatment of protothecosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valessa Lunkes Ely
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ananda Segabinazzi Ries
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Trevisan Gressler
- Instituto Federal Farroupilha, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Linha 7 de Setembro, BR 386 - KM 40 s/n, Frederico Westphalen, RS, 98400-000, Brazil
| | - Samay Costa
- Instituto Federal Farroupilha, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Linha 7 de Setembro, BR 386 - KM 40 s/n, Frederico Westphalen, RS, 98400-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz
- Instituto Federal Farroupilha, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Linha 7 de Setembro, BR 386 - KM 40 s/n, Frederico Westphalen, RS, 98400-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pötter
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/nº, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gomes da Silva Júnior
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/nº, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/nº, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Luis Antonio Sangioni
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Instituto de Biologia, Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Capão do Leão, RS, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Asiag N, Lapid R, Aizenberg Z, Baneth G, Nachum-Biala Y, Leszkowicz-Mazuz M, Yasur-Landau D, Chai O, Aroch I, Shamir MH. Spinal cord protothecosis causing paraparesis in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:684-688. [PMID: 35459409 PMCID: PMC9266501 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221093048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protothecosis, an infectious disease caused by the green algae Prototheca zopfii and P. wickerhamii, occurs sporadically in domestic animals and humans. Diagnosis of CNS protothecosis is based on neurologic signs that indicate multifocal nervous system lesions and that follow a period of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, cytologic observation of algae in fecal culture or histopathology, and detection of the agent by PCR assay of infected tissues. Here, we report a case of a paraparetic dog with CNS protothecosis that was diagnosed definitively antemortem using CSF cytology, PCR, and DNA sequencing. A 4-y-old mixed-breed dog developed progressive paraparesis that followed weight loss and diarrhea. CSF analysis revealed marked eosinophilic pleocytosis. Prototheca organisms were detected by microscopic examination of the CSF, and speciated as P. zopfii by CSF PCR and DNA sequencing. Other possible causes of paraparesis were ruled out using computed tomography, serology, and CSF PCR. The dog's condition deteriorated despite treatment, developing forebrain and central vestibular system clinical signs, and it was euthanized at the owner's request. Postmortem examination was declined. Our findings indicate that when CNS protothecosis is suspected, antemortem diagnosis can be made using CSF analysis and a PCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimrod Asiag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roi Lapid
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zahi Aizenberg
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Orit Chai
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav H Shamir
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Herold S, Klodt T, Toelle D, Dennebaum M, Lippe E, Walz C, Kaes J, Kreft A, Siegel E, Munder M, Teschner D. Lethal systemic and brain infection caused by Prototheca zopfii algae in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Med Mycol Case Rep 2021; 32:17-20. [PMID: 33604236 PMCID: PMC7873573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic protothecosis is an exceptionally rare cause of sepsis with few available therapeutic options. Here, we report on a female patient with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia who died after start of chemotherapy due to a severe septic shock caused by a disseminated systemic infection with Prototheca zopfii including encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Herold
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tristan Klodt
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Toelle
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Dennebaum
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elena Lippe
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cleo Walz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Kaes
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Kreft
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Siegel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Munder
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Dos Anjos C, Sellera FP, Gargano RG, Lincopan N, Pogliani FC, Ribeiro MG, Jagielski T, Sabino CP. Algicidal effect of blue light on pathogenic Prototheca species. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:210-213. [PMID: 30965146 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca spp. are pathogenic algae with important zoonotic potential. Most importantly, these algae often infect dairy cattle. Since there is no effective therapy against the algae, the standard recommendation is the disposal or culling of infected cows to avoid outbreaks. This study investigated the ability of blue light to inactivate pathogenic Prototheca species. Blue LED light (λ = 410 nm) was used to inactivate in vitro suspensions of P. zopfii genotypes 1 and 2, and P. blaschkeae. Our results showed that blue light irradiation induced a strain-specific dose-dependent algicidal effect against all tested strains. P. zopfii genotype 1, was more sensitive than genotype 2 and P. blaschkeae was the most tolerant. Even though we observed different inactivation kinetics, all strains presented significant photoinactivation levels within feasible procedure periods. Therefore, we conclude that blue light irradiation offers promising potential for the development of novel technologies that control contaminations and infections caused by Prototheca spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dos Anjos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Parra Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Gomes Gargano
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Celidonio Pogliani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomasz Jagielski
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Caetano Padial Sabino
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; BioLambda, Scientific and Commercial LTD, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Miura A, Kurumisawa T, Kano R, Ito T, Suzuki K, Kamata H. Next-generation sequencing analysis of bacterial flora in bovine protothecal mastitic milk and feces. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1547-1551. [PMID: 30918225 PMCID: PMC6895631 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bacterial flora in the udder and intestinal environments in cows with and without protothecal mastitis. We used next-generation sequencing
(NGS) analysis to identify 16S rRNA genes from bacterial flora present in 13 milk and 13 fecal samples from protothecal mastitic and healthy dairy cows in the Aichi region of Japan.
Sequences associated with 5 species (Calothrix desertica, Corynebacterium simulans, Corynebacterium striatum, Empedobacter
falsenii, and Rothia endophytica) showed the highest prevalence in samples of milk and feces from animals with protothecal mastitis. This range of species
differed from those detected in the milk and feces from healthy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Miura
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kurumisawa
- Veterinary Hospital Aichi P.F.A.M.A.A., 91-1 Oike, Hane-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0816, Japan
| | - Rui Kano
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Veterinary Hospital Aichi P.F.A.M.A.A., 91-1 Oike, Hane-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0816, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamata
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Zeng X, Kudinha T, Kong F, Zhang QQ. Comparative Genome and Transcriptome Study of the Gene Expression Difference Between Pathogenic and Environmental Strains of Prototheca zopfii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:443. [PMID: 30899253 PMCID: PMC6416184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii commonly exists in the environment, and causes invasive infections (protothecosis) in humans. The morbidity of protothecosis has increased rapidly in recent years, especially in systemic infections of patients with an impaired immune system. The infection in immunocompromised patients has a poor prognosis due to limited understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, as most previous studies mainly focused on classification and recognition of pathogenic strains. In this study, we constructed the genome and transcriptome of two pathogenic strains and one environmental strain, by next generation sequencing methods. Based on our preliminary gene expression findings, genes in P. zopfii pathogenic strains are significantly up-regulated in metabolism in peroxisome, such as glyoxylate cycle, which may improve the organism's resistance to the harsh environment in phagolysosome of macrophage and its ability to survive in an anaerobic environment. We also found some significant up-regulated genes, which are related to adherence and penetration in dermatophytes, and we speculate that this may enhance the virulence capacity of pathogenic strains. Finally, the genomes and transcriptomes of P. zopfii described here provide some base for further studies on the pathogenesis of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhao Zeng
- Division of Mycology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Timothy Kudinha
- Charles Sturt University, Leeds Parade, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Fanrong Kong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Qiang-Qiang Zhang
- Division of Mycology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kurumisawa T, Kano R, Nakamura Y, Hibana M, Ito T, Kamata H, Suzuki K. Is bovine protothecal mastitis related to persistent infection in intestine? J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:950-952. [PMID: 29780038 PMCID: PMC6021874 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii is associated with bovine mastitis, which causes a
reduction in milk production and secretion of thin, watery milk with white flakes.
However, the source of infection and an infection route of mastitis have not been
clarified. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of P. zopfii
genotype 2 in fecal samples from Japanese dairies with or without a history of protothecal
mastitis in 2017. P. zopfii genotype 2 was detected in 23 of 60 (38%)
fecal samples in only the herd with a history of protothecal mastitis. These results
suggest that occurrence of bovine protothecal mastitis is related to persistent infection
in intestine and the source of infection is feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kurumisawa
- Veterinary Hospital Aichi P.F.A.M.A.A., 91-1, Oike, Hane-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0816, Japan
| | - Rui Kano
- Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakamura
- Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Maki Hibana
- Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Veterinary Hospital Aichi P.F.A.M.A.A., 91-1, Oike, Hane-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0816, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamata
- Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimachi, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Nardoni S, Pisseri F, Pistelli L, Najar B, Luini M, Mancianti F. In Vitro Activity of 30 Essential Oils against Bovine Clinical Isolates of Prototheca zopfii and Prototheca blaschkeae. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E45. [PMID: 29695110 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protothecal mastitis poses an emergent animal health problem in dairy herds, with a high impact on dairy industries, causing heavy economic losses. Current methods of treating protothecal infections are ineffective, and no drug is licensed for use in cattle. The aim of the present study was to check the antialgal activity of 30 chemically defined essential oils (EOs) against Prototheca zopfii and Prototheca blaschkeae isolated from the milk of dairy cows with mastitis. A microdilution test was carried out to estimate the antialgal effectiveness of the selected chemically defined EOs. The microdilution test showed different degrees of inhibition among the examined Prototheca species. The activity of some of the examined EOs seem interesting. In particular, Citrus paradisi yielded the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration values (0.75%) for both algal species. P. zopfii appeared to be more sensitive to EOs in comparison to P. blaschkeae. The present study investigated the in vitro susceptibility of P. zopfii and P. blaschkeae to a wide range of EOs, obtained from different botanical families. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of EO-based formulations intended for the disinfection of both udder and milking products.
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Shahid M, Gao J, Zhou Y, Liu G, Ali T, Deng Y, Sabir N, Su J, Han B. Prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine mastitis induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31938-31947. [PMID: 28404882 PMCID: PMC5458260 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine protothecal mastitis results in considerable economic losses worldwide. However, Prototheca zopfii induced morphological alterations and oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) is not comprehensively studied yet. Therefore, the aim of this current study was to investigate the P. zopfii induced pathomorphological changes, oxidative stress and apoptosis in bMECs. Oxidative stress was assessed by evaluating catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, while ROS generation and apoptosis was measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results revealed that infection of P. zopfii genotype II (GTII) significantly changed bMECs morphology, increased apoptotic rate and MDA contents at 12 h (p < 0.05) and 24 h (p < 0.01) in comparison with control group, in time-dependent manner. LDH activity and ROS generation was also increased (p < 0.01) at 12 h and 24 h. However, SOD and CAT contents in bMECs infected with GTII were decreased (p < 0.05) at 12 h, while GPx (p < 0.01), SOD (p < 0.05) and CAT (p < 0.01) levels were reduced at 24 h. In case of GTI, only CAT and GPx activities were significantly decreased when the duration prolonged to 24 h but lesser than GTII. This suggested that GTII has more devastating pathogenic effects in bMECs, and the findings of this study concluded that GTII induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in bMECs via the imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant defenses as well as the production of intracellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Youtian Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Naveed Sabir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Jingliang Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
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Abstract
An adult male Ruwenzori long-haired fruit bat ( Rousettus lanosus) presented for lethargy and unthriftiness. Physical examination revealed cranial alopecia, mandibular ulceration, and dehydration. Supportive care and antibiotic therapy were initiated. The bat was found dead 3 days after presentation. Necropsy revealed alopecia on the head and body, exposed dried bone on the rostral tip of the mandible, and excessive clear pleural fluid. Lungs were congested and contained miliary white foci disseminated randomly throughout the parenchyma. Subcutaneous, intra-thoracic, and intra-abdominal adipose depots were minimal. Histologic examination of skin and lung revealed the presence of algal-like organisms morphologically consistent with Prototheca spp. Polymerase chain reaction amplification revealed >99% sequence identity match with Prototheca zopfii. Protothecosis has been previously reported in a single bat, Lyle's flying fox ( Pteropus lylei), in Switzerland, but definitive protothecal speciation was not possible.
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Tyczkowska-Sieron E, Markiewicz J, Grzesiak B, Krukowski H, Glowacka A, Tyczkowski J. Short communication: Cold atmospheric plasma inactivation of Prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:118-122. [PMID: 29103728 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a serious bovine diseases that can be caused by Prototheca zopfii, yeast-like algae belonging to the family Chlorellaceae. The substantial economic losses and health damage associated with bovine mastitis emphasize the need to develop effective strategies aimed at control of the infection. Unfortunately, P. zopfii is highly resistant to most common antibacterial and antifungal agents, as well as to heat treatment. We report here the first attempt to use cold atmospheric plasma to inactivate this pathogen. We studied 20 strains of P. zopfii isolated from milk samples taken from cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis. The studies confirmed the high level of resistance of P. zopfii to typical antifungal agents, such as voriconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin. In contrast, each of the strains revealed high susceptibility to cold atmospheric plasma, >2-fold higher compared with a reference strain of Candida albicans. The obtained results are promising and open up a new approach in the fight against P. zopfii.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tyczkowska-Sieron
- Department of Environmental Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland.
| | - J Markiewicz
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - B Grzesiak
- Department of Environmental Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - H Krukowski
- Department of Animal and Environmental Hygiene, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - A Glowacka
- Department of Environmental Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - J Tyczkowski
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, 432-8011 Japan
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12
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Liu YZ, Wang H, Zhu JH, Han DM, Kudinha T, Kong FR, Zhang QQ. Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation-based comparative proteomic analysis of human pathogenic Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 and environmental genotype 1 strains. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2018; 51:302-11. [PMID: 27590985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Prototheca species are ubiquitous achlorophyllic microalgae belonging to the family Chlorellaceae, which can cause a wide range of infections in humans and animals. Mainly in individuals with immunologic defects or trauma, Prototheca spp. can cause even lethal diseases. However, the exact pathogenic mechanism of Prototheca in causing disease remains largely unknown. To investigate the differences between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Prototheca spp. genotypes on proteome level, a nonpathogenic Prototheca zopfii genotype 1 strain, isolated from cow manure, and a human pathogenic P. zopfii genotype 2, isolated from human granulomatous lymphadenitis, were studied. METHODS Differentially expressed proteins between the two genotypes were quantified by isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation-based quantitative proteomics, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 245 proteins were identified from the proteomic analysis after data filtering to eliminate low-scoring spectra. Among these, 35 proteins that displayed a significant (p<0.05) 1.5-fold change were considered as differentially expressed proteins. CONCLUSION The differentially expressed proteins were associated with suppressed energy production and conversion, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and enhanced translation in the genotype 2 strain, and are thus potentially relevant in the pathogenic mechanism of P. zopfii genotype 2, but need further investigation.
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Shahid M, Ali T, Zhang L, Hou R, Zhang S, Ding L, Han D, Deng Z, Rahman A, Han B. Characterization of Prototheca zopfii Genotypes Isolated from Cases of Bovine Mastitis and Cow Barns in China. Mycopathologia 2015; 181:185-95. [PMID: 26450620 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protothecal mastitis, caused mostly by Prototheca zopfii (P. zopfii), is increasing in dairy herds and is being reported globally. The present study was aimed at studying the epidemiology of mastitis and at molecular characterization of P. zopfii isolates from dairy herds and their surroundings in three provinces of China using microbiological, biochemical and molecular methods, and antibiotic susceptibility tests. Samples from milk (n = 620) of mastitic cows and their barns sources (n = 410) including feces, feed, bedding materials and drinking water were analyzed. Among other pathogens recovered from mastitic milk, 84 (13.5%) of the isolates were identified as P. zopfii. All of the P. zopfii isolates recovered from milk were recognized as genotype 2, whereas 58 (73.4%) and 21 (26.6%) isolates from environmental sources were found to be P. zopfii genotypes 1 and 2, respectively. The isolates were susceptible to some antibiotics and antifungal agents, including amikacin (78.1%), streptomycin (58.5%), gentamicin (17.8%), amphotericin B (68.6%) and nystatin (64.4%). Additionally, the two genotypes displayed versatile patterns of susceptibility to different antimicrobials agents. Phylogeny of the genotypes on the basis of 18S SSU rDNA and 28S SSU rDNA was also investigated. The isolates of the two genotypes separated into different clades, and no interrelationship was observed among these as shown by phylogenetic analysis. The genotype 1 isolates from cow barn sources were non-pathogenic and may not present any risk of mastitis. We conclude that P. zopfii genotype 2 might play an important role in bovine mastitis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongguang Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Laidi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoju Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Gonçalves JL, Lee SHI, de Paula Arruda E, Pedroso Galles D, Camargo Caetano V, Fernandes de Oliveira CA, Fernandes AM, Veiga dos Santos M. Biofilm-producing ability and efficiency of sanitizing agents against Prototheca zopfii isolates from bovine subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3613-21. [PMID: 25841971 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate (1) the capacity of the microalga Prototheca zopfii isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases to form biofilms; and (2) the resistance of these isolates to sanitizing agents. Ten isolates of P. zopfii from cows with subclinical mastitis (somatic cell count>200×10(3) cells/mL), distributed in 5 dairy farms, were evaluated for their capacity to form biofilms in polystyrene microplate assays and stainless steel coupons, at 25°C and 37°C±1°C. Prototheca zopfii were isolated from milk samples via microbiological culture and analyzed by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Biofilm formation on the coupons was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The resistance to sanitizing agents was assessed using the biofilm-forming P. zopfii isolates in stainless steel coupon assays, which were subjected to 3 sanitizers: peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and iodine solution. To evaluate resistance to the sanitizers, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) technique was performed using decreasing concentrations of the sanitizing agents (20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, 0.156, 0.078, 0.039, and 0.019 g/L). After inoculating the isolates, all concentrations were evaluated at 3 distinct incubation periods (24, 48, and 72 h) to assess the effect of incubation time on the MIC. Using the polystyrene microplate assays, 1 isolate showed weak biofilm production, 5 moderate, and 4 strong, when incubated at 25°C±1. For isolates incubated at 37°C±1, 6 showed weak biofilm production and 4 moderate. All P. zopfii isolates (n=10) had the capacity to form biofilms on stainless steel coupons. The longer the incubation period of the P. zopfii isolates at different dilutions, the greater the concentrations of sanitizer needed to prevent growth of the microalgae under the tested conditions. We detected a significant effect of sanitizer and time of incubation (24, 48, and 72 h) on MIC values against P. zopfii isolates. The isolates were sensitive in vitro to peracetic acid (MIC90≥0.019 g/L), sodium hypochlorite (MIC90≥0.312 g/L), and iodine solution (MIC90≥0.625 g/L), after 24 h of incubation (where MIC90=concentration needed to inhibit 90% of isolates). Of the tested sanitizers, peracetic acid had the greatest efficiency against P. zopfii. We conclude that P. zopfii isolates are capable of biofilm production, which may contribute to their persistence in a milking and dairy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Leonel Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Sarah Hwa In Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Eurico de Paula Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Débora Pedroso Galles
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Vinícius Camargo Caetano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Andrezza Maria Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900.
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15
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Seok JY, Lee Y, Lee H, Yi SY, Oh HE, Song JS. Human cutaneous protothecosis: report of a case and literature review. Korean J Pathol 2013; 47:575-8. [PMID: 24421852 PMCID: PMC3887161 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2013.47.6.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Prototheca species is achlorophyllic algae and rarely causes human infection. Human protothecosis presents clinically as a cutaneous infection, olecranon bursitis, and disseminated systemic disease. We report a case of human cutaneous protothecosis involving the left wrist. A 68-year-old man presented with an ill-defined erythematous lesion with crust at the dorsal aspect of his left wrist. A punch biopsy was performed to reveal the histologic features of granulomatous inflammation with necrosis at the upper dermis, containing Prototheca organisms, of which, the characteristic features were highlighted by special staining. Through a molecular study, the Prototheca zopfii species was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Seok
- Department of Pathology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoonho Lee
- Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Hyukmin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Sang Yeop Yi
- Department of Pathology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Hwa Eun Oh
- Department of Pathology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Song
- Department of Pathology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
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Adhikari N, Bonaiuto HE, Lichtenwalner AB. Short communication: Dairy bedding type affects survival of Prototheca in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7739-42. [PMID: 24119794 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protothecae are algal pathogens, capable of causing bovine mastitis, that are unresponsive to treatment; they are believed to have an environmental reservoir. The role of bedding management in control of protothecal mastitis has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth of either environmental or mastitis-associated Prototheca genotypes in dairy bedding materials that are commonly used in Maine. Prototheca zopfii genotypes 1 and 2 (gt1 and gt2) were inoculated into sterile broth only (control ), kiln-dried spruce shavings, "green" hemlock sawdust, sand, or processed manure-pack beddings with broth, and incubated for 2 d. Fifty microliters of each isolate was then cultured onto plates and the resulting colonies counted at 24 and 48 h postinoculation. Shavings were associated with significantly less total Prototheca growth than other bedding types. Growth of P. zopfii gt1 was significantly higher than that of gt2 in the manure-pack bedding material. Spruce shavings, compared with manure, sand, or sawdust, may be a good bedding type to prevent growth of Prototheca. Based on these in vitro findings, bedding type may affect Prototheca infection of cattle in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Adhikari
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Maine, Orono 04469
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Krukowski H, Lisowski A, Nowakowicz-Dębek B, Wlazło Ł. Enzymatic Activity of Prototheca zopfii Strains Isolated from Cows with Mastitis. Pol J Microbiol 2012; 61:217-218. [PMID: 29334050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. can be a disease of high significance because of economic losses and the potential risk to public health. The aim of our study was to evaluate enzymatic activity of Prototheca zopfii. For this study, we used 15 P. zopfii strains previously isolated from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis in Poland. We determined enzymatic profile of Prototheca species using the API ZYM system. Of the enzymatic activities detected during the study, acid phosphatase, leucine arylamidase, naphthol-as-bi-phosphohydrolase, esterase, lipase esterase, valine arylamidase, alkaline phosphatase, and lipase C14 were found in high percentage of strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Krukowski
- Department of Animal and Environmental Hygiene, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Department of Animal and Environmental Hygiene, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Wlazło
- Department of Animal and Environmental Hygiene, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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18
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Zaini F, Kanani A, Falahati M, Fateh R, Salimi-Asl M, Saemi N, Farahyar S, Kheirabad AK, Nazeri M. Identification of Prototheca zopfii from Bovine Mastitis. Iran J Public Health 2012; 41:84-8. [PMID: 23113230 PMCID: PMC3469032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was identification of the epidemiology of Prototheca zopfii species from the milk samples of dairy cattle in Isfahan, central Iran. METHODS Milk samples were obtained from 230 dairy cattle, 130 with and 100 without mastitis, in Isfahan. The samples were cultured in Prototheca Isolation Medium (PIM) and Sabouraud's dextrose agar. All P. zopfii isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical methods. Then, as a confirmatory test they were examined by genotype-specific PCR. RESULTS Four P. zopfii strains (3.07%) were isolated from the 130 samples of dairy cattle with clinical mastitis and there was no isolation from totally 100 samples of healthy bovines without mastitis. Specific PCR product (about 946 bp) was detected in four isolates. CONCLUSION It seems that P. zopfii genotype II plays a key role in affecting bovine mastitis that confirmed other previous studies. Our study was the first, which identified the Prototheca species by traditional and molecular methods in Iran and Middle East as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zaini
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Kanani
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Falahati
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Authors: Tel: (+9821) 88622653, E-mail address:
| | - R Fateh
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - N Saemi
- Dept. of Nutrition, Allied Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sh Farahyar
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Kargar Kheirabad
- Hormozgan Research Centre for Infectious and Tropical Disease, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - M Nazeri
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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