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Mozuch MD, Hirth KC, Schwartz TJ, Kersten PJ. Repurposing Inflatable Packaging Pillows as Bioreactors: a Convenient Synthesis of Glucosone by Whole-Cell Catalysis Under Oxygen. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:743-760. [PMID: 33188507 PMCID: PMC7910265 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis using molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor has significant potential for selective oxidations at low cost. However, oxygen is poorly soluble in water, and its slow rate of mass transfer in the aqueous phase is a major obstacle, even for laboratory-scale syntheses. Oxygen transfer can be accelerated by vigorous mechanical methods, but these are often incompatible with biological catalysts. Gentler conditions can be achieved with shallow, high surface area bag reactors that are designed for single use and generally for specialized cell culture applications. As a less-expensive alternative to these high-end bioreactors, we describe repurposing inflatable shipping pillows with resealable valves to provide high surface area mixing under oxygen for preparative synthesis of glucosone (D-arabino-hexos-2-ulose) from D-glucose using non-growing Escherichia coli whole cells containing recombinant pyranose 2-oxidase (POX) as catalyst. Parallel reactions permitted systematic study of the effects of headspace composition (i.e., air vs 100% oxygen), cell density, exogenous catalase, and reaction volume in the oxidation of 10% glucose. Importantly, only a single charge of 100% oxygen is required for stoichiometric conversion on a multi-gram scale in 18 h with resting cells, and the conversion was successfully repeated with recycled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Mozuch
- Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Kolby C Hirth
- Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Thomas J Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Philip J Kersten
- Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
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Sriwaiyaphram K, Punthong P, Sucharitakul J, Wongnate T. Structure and function relationships of sugar oxidases and their potential use in biocatalysis. Enzymes 2020; 47:193-230. [PMID: 32951824 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several sugar oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of sugars have been isolated and characterized. These enzymes can be classified as flavoenzyme due to the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a cofactor. Sugar oxidases have been proposed to be the key biocatalyst in biotransformation of carbohydrates which can potentially convert sugars to provide a pool of intermediates for synthesis of rare sugars, fine chemicals and drugs. Moreover, sugar oxidases have been applied in biosensing of various biomolecules in food industries, diagnosis of diseases and environmental pollutant detection. This review provides the discussions on general properties, current mechanistic understanding, structural determination, biocatalytic application, and biosensor integration of representative sugar oxidase enzymes, namely pyranose 2-oxidase (P2O), glucose oxidase (GO), hexose oxidase (HO), and oligosaccharide oxidase. The information regarding the relationship between structure and function of these sugar oxidases points out the key properties of this particular group of enzymes that can be modified by engineering, which had resulted in a remarkable economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokkan Sriwaiyaphram
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Pangrum Punthong
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Jeerus Sucharitakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand.
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Abrera AT, Sützl L, Haltrich D. Pyranose oxidase: A versatile sugar oxidoreductase for bioelectrochemical applications. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107409. [PMID: 31821902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyranose oxidase (POx) is an FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, and like glucose oxidase (GOx) it is a member of the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) superfamily of oxidoreductases. POx oxidizes several monosaccharides including D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-xylose, while concurrently oxygen is reduced to hydrogen peroxide. In addition to this oxidase activity, POx shows pronounced activity with alternative electron acceptors that include various quinones or (complexed) metal ions. Even though POx in general shows properties that are more favourable than those of GOx (e.g., a considerably higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for D-glucose, significantly lower Michaelis constants Km for D-glucose, reactivity with both anomeric forms of D-glucose) it is much less frequently used for both biosensor and biofuel cell applications than GOx. POx has been applied in biosensing of D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-xylose, and in combination with α-glucosidase also maltose. An attractive application is in biosensors constructed for the measurement of 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, a recognised biomarker in diabetes. Bioelectrochemical applications of POx had been restricted to enzymes of fungal origin. The recent discovery and characterisation of POx from bacterial sources, which show properties that are very distinct from the fungal enzymes, might open new possibilities for further applications in bioelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle T Abrera
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; University of the Philippines Los Baños, College Laguna, Philippines
| | - Leander Sützl
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; Doctoral Programme BioToP - Biomolecular Technology of Proteins, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria; Doctoral Programme BioToP - Biomolecular Technology of Proteins, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria.
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Zhang K, Huang M, Ma J, Liu Z, Zeng J, Liu X, Xu T, Wang X, Liu Y, Bu Z, Zhu Y. Identification and characterization of a novel bacterial pyranose 2-oxidase from the lignocellulolytic bacterium Pantoea ananatis Sd-1. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:871-880. [PMID: 29605940 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize a novel bacterial pyranose 2-oxidase (P2Ox) and investigate its potential use in lignin degradation applications. RESULTS A new bacterial P2Ox (PaP2Ox) enzyme was identified in the lignocellulolytic bacterium Pantoea ananatis Sd-1. The PaP2Ox open reading frame was cloned, and the encoded protein was heterologously expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system. Unlike another reported bacterial P2Ox enzyme, the purified PaP2Ox exhibits a homotetrameric spatial conformation that is similar to fungal P2Oxs, with each subunit having a molecular mass of 65 kDa. The recombinant PaP2Ox exhibits maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 6.5 with D-glucose as its preferred substrate. In addition, this enzyme was shown to work in combination with bacterial laccase in lignin degradation. CONCLUSIONS The bacterial enzyme PaP2Ox has potential use in ligninolytic systems and shows promising value in industrial biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Huang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangshan Ma
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyi Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Bu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Hassan N, Tan TC, Spadiut O, Pisanelli I, Fusco L, Haltrich D, Peterbauer CK, Divne C. Crystal structures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium pyranose 2-oxidase suggest that the N-terminus acts as a propeptide that assists in homotetramer assembly. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:496-504. [PMID: 24282677 PMCID: PMC3839853 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavin-dependent homotetrameric enzyme pyranose 2-oxidase (P2O) is found mostly, but not exclusively, in lignocellulose-degrading fungi where it catalyzes the oxidation of β-d-glucose to the corresponding 2-keto sugar concomitantly with hydrogen peroxide formation during lignin solubilization. Here, we present crystal structures of P2O from the efficient lignocellulolytic basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Structures were determined of wild-type PcP2O from the natural fungal source, and two variants of recombinant full-length PcP2O, both in complex with the slow substrate 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-β-d-glucose. The active sites in PcP2O and P2O from Trametes multicolor (TmP2O) are highly conserved with identical substrate binding. Our structural analysis suggests that the 17 °C higher melting temperature of PcP2O compared to TmP2O is due to an increased number of intersubunit salt bridges. The structure of recombinant PcP2O expressed with its natural N-terminal sequence, including a proposed propeptide segment, reveals that the first five residues of the propeptide intercalate at the interface between A and B subunits to form stabilizing, mainly hydrophobic, interactions. In the structure of mature PcP2O purified from the natural source, the propeptide segment in subunit A has been replaced by a nearby loop in the B subunit. We propose that the propeptide in subunit A stabilizes the A/B interface of essential dimers in the homotetramer and that, upon maturation, it is replaced by the loop in the B subunit to form the mature subunit interface. This would imply that the propeptide segment of PcP2O acts as an intramolecular chaperone for oligomerization at the A/B interface of the essential dimer. Structures of pyranose 2-oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium were determined. The N-terminus may act as a propeptide with a role in homotetramer assembly. A large number of salt bridges between subunits provides thermostability. The substrate is bound in the productive binding mode for oxidation at C2.
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Key Words
- 2FGlc, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose
- 3FGlc, 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucose
- Crystal structure
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- IMAC, by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography
- IPTG, β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside
- Lignin degradation
- MES, 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid
- MWCO, molecular weight cut off
- Oligomerization
- P2O, pyranose oxidase
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- Propeptide
- Pyranose 2-oxidase
- TEV, Tobacco Etch Virus
- Thermostability
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hassan
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Albanova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691 StockholmSweden
| | - Tien-Chye Tan
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177 StockholmSweden
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Albanova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691 StockholmSweden
| | - Ines Pisanelli
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, A-1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Laura Fusco
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, A-1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, A-1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Clemens K. Peterbauer
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, A-1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Christina Divne
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Albanova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691 StockholmSweden
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheelelaboratoriet, Scheeles väg 2, S-17177 StockholmSweden
- Corresponding author at: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, Albanova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, S-10691StockholmSweden. Tel.: +46 8 55378296; fax: +46 8 55378468.
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