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Tirosh-Levy S, Shaiman Barom L, Novak S, Eyngor M, Schvartz G, Yakobson B, Steinman A. Persistence of Anti-Rabies Antibody Response in Horses Following Vaccination. Pathogens 2024; 13:125. [PMID: 38392863 PMCID: PMC10893006 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease affecting all mammalian species. It is caused by the rabies virus and is prevalent worldwide. Horses are not commonly infected with rabies but their vaccination is recommended due to the potential zoonotic risk. This study aimed to evaluate the duration of immunity following rabies vaccination in horses. A total of 126 serum samples were collected from 93 horses, vaccinated 6 to 91 months before sampling. Rabies-virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) levels were evaluated using the Rabies Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). A protective RVNA titer of above 0.5 IU/mL was found in 112 (88.9%) of the samples and 84 (90.3%) of the horses. Antibody titers declined over time (rho = -0.271, p = 0.002); however, there was no significant difference in antibody titers or the prevalence of unprotected horses between the time intervals following vaccination. Purebred horses had lower antibody titers (p = 0.024). The response to booster vaccination was inspected in ten horses, and increased antibody titers were found in eight of them. The results of this study demonstrate the prolonged persistence of protective immunity in horses following rabies vaccination, in some cases, for up to eight years. Therefore, the current annual vaccination strategy should be re-evaluated. A rate of 9.7% of poor responders should be considered from an epidemiological perspective in order to minimize the risk of emergence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tirosh-Levy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.S.B.); (G.S.); (A.S.)
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 5020001, Israel
| | - Leehe Shaiman Barom
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.S.B.); (G.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Shiri Novak
- WOAH Rabies Reference Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 5020001, Israel; (S.N.); (M.E.); (B.Y.)
| | - Marina Eyngor
- WOAH Rabies Reference Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 5020001, Israel; (S.N.); (M.E.); (B.Y.)
| | - Gili Schvartz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.S.B.); (G.S.); (A.S.)
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 5020001, Israel
| | - Boris Yakobson
- WOAH Rabies Reference Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 5020001, Israel; (S.N.); (M.E.); (B.Y.)
| | - Amir Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (L.S.B.); (G.S.); (A.S.)
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Yu PC, Dan M, He Y, Meng SL, Yang HY, Su X, Wang YJ, Lv L, Sun YF, Tao XY, Liu Q, Liu SQ, Bi SL, Zhu WY. A novel mRNA rabies vaccine as a promising candidate for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis protects animals from different rabies viruses. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106425. [PMID: 37923181 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, caused by the rabies virus (RABV), is the most fatal zoonotic disease. It is a neglected tropical disease which remains a major public health problem, causing approximately 59,000 deaths worldwide annually. Despite the existence of effective vaccines, the high incidence of human rabies is mainly linked to tedious vaccine immunisation procedures and the overall high cost of post-exposure prophylaxis. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective vaccine that has a simple procedure and is affordable to prevent rabies infection in humans. RABV belongs to the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. Previous phylogenetic analyses have identified seven major clades of RABV in China (China I-VII), confirmed by analysing nucleotide sequences from both the G and N proteins. This study evaluated the immunogenicity and protective capacity of SYS6008, an mRNA rabies vaccine expressing rabies virus glycoprotein, in mice and cynomolgus macaques. We demonstrated that SYS6008 induced sufficient levels of rabies neutralising antibody (RVNA) in mice. In addition, SYS6008 elicited strong and durable RVNA responses in vaccinated cynomolgus macaques. In the pre-exposure prophylaxis murine model, one or two injections of SYS6008 at 1/10 or 1/30 of dosage provided protection against a challenge with a 30-fold LD50 of rabies virus (China I and II clades). We also demonstrated that in the post-exposure prophylaxis murine model, which was exposed to lethal rabies virus (China I-VII clades) before vaccination, one or two injections of SYS6008 at both 1/10 and 1/30 dosages provided better protection against rabies virus challenge than the immunization by five injections of commercial vaccines at the same dosage. In addition, we proved that SYS6008-induced RVNAs could neutralise RABV from the China I-VII clades. Finally, 1/10 of the dosage of SYS6008 was able to stimulate significant RABV-G specificity in the T cell response. Furthermore, we found that SYS6008 induced high cellular immunity, including RABV-G-specific T cell responses and memory B cells. Our results imply that the SYS6008 rabies vaccine, with a much simpler vaccination procedure, better immunogenicity, and enhanced protective capacity, could be a candidate vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Yu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Dan
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, 050035, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., LTD, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Yu Yang
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, 050035, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoye Su
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, 050035, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Juan Wang
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, 050035, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lv
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, 050035, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fei Sun
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, 050035, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qing Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Li Bi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wu-Yang Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Gopalaiah S, Appaiah KM, Isloor S, Lakshman D, Thimmaiah RP, Rao S, Gouri M, Kumar N, Govindaiah K, Bhat A, Tiwari S. Comparative Evaluation of Intradermal vis- à- vis Intramuscular Pre-Exposure Prophylactic Vaccination against Rabies in Cattle. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050885. [PMID: 37242989 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a progressively fatal viral disease affecting a wide variety of warm-blooded animals and human beings. With cattle being major part of Indian livestock population, rabies can result in significant financial losses. Immunization of livestock vulnerable to exposure is the best way to control rabies. The present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of a rabies pre-exposure prophylactic vaccine administered through different routes and to sequentially monitor the levels of rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers in cattle. Thirty cattle were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I and III animals were immunized with 1 mL and 0.2 mL of rabies vaccine through intramuscular (IM) and intradermal (ID) routes, respectively, on day 0, with a booster dose on day 21; Group II and IV animals were immunized with 1 mL and 0.2 mL of rabies vaccine, respectively, without the booster dose; unvaccinated animals served as a control (Group V). Serum samples were collected on days 0, 14, 28, and 90 to estimate RVNA titers using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). The titers were above an adequate level (≥0.5 IU/mL) on day 14 and maintained up to 90 days in all animals administered the rabies vaccine through the IM and ID route with or without a booster dose. The study indicated that both routes of vaccination are safe and effective in providing protection against rabies. Hence, both routes can be considered for pre-exposure prophylaxis. However, the ID route proved to be more economical due to its dose-sparing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Gopalaiah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Kshama M Appaiah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Dilip Lakshman
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Ramesh P Thimmaiah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Suguna Rao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Mahadevappa Gouri
- Department of LFC, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of AGB, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Kavitha Govindaiah
- Department of Biological Production, IAH and VB, KVAFSU, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Avinash Bhat
- Masterlab, Nutreco, 5831 JN Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Simmi Tiwari
- Zoonosis Division, National Centre for Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Service, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GOI, Delhi 110054, India
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Timiryasova TM, Luo P, Zheng L, Singer A, Zedar R, Garg S, Petit C, Moore S, Hu BT, Brown M. Rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test optimization and validation: Improved detection of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus. J Immunol Methods 2019; 474:112626. [PMID: 31228423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rabies rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) is the most widely used cell-based assay for detecting and quantitating rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) in human serum. However, it is a complex, labor intensive, and somewhat subjective manual assay, the performance of which may be affected by a number of factors including the quality of cells and virus, variability of assay reagents and the skill and expertise of analysts. This study sought to identify and evaluate conditions that may impact RFFIT performance and RVNA detection by evaluating assay parameters including: different serial dilution scheme of serum samples in a 96-well microplate using semi-automated pipetting systems, the range of dose of challenge virus standard (CVS-11) strain of rabies virus, the effect of complement (C'), the effect of cell seeding density and passage number, the effect of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) dextran concentration on virus infectivity, and the assay incubation period prior to immunostaining. In addition the evaluation of counting fluorescent foci using a microscope versus using scanned images from a cell imaging reader was performed in an effort to ease the reading of slides and have permanent records of the raw data. The results from optimization of each parameter are presented along with subsequent assay validation in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The improved and optimized RFFIT accuracy, linearity and sensitivity was demonstrated by testing World Health Organization (WHO)-1 and WHO-2 Standard Rabies Immune Globulins (SRIGs) and complete assay development and validation was performed in compliance with Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Luo
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Lingyi Zheng
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Amy Singer
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Rebecca Zedar
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Celine Petit
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Susan Moore
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Branda T Hu
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
| | - Monique Brown
- Sanofi Pasteur, Discovery Drive, Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA.
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Peng J, Chen L, Zhu ZG, Zhu ZR, Hu Q, Fang Y. Effect of Corticosteroids on RVNA production of a patient with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following rabies vaccination as well as administration of HRIG. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3622-6. [PMID: 25668669 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.979621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has not been reported that administration of combining rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin resulted in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) yet. This report described that an old man acquired ADEM after being administrated with purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) and Human Rabies Immunoglobulin (HRIG). Then he was given intravenous and oral glucocorticoids. Simultaneously, rabies vaccination was continued with purified Chick embryo cell vaccines (PCECV) instead of PVRV. Furthermore, we analyzed the rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) levels in the patient's blood at different time points after rabies vaccination. Collectively, we observed that PCECV vaccination did not affect the prognosis of ADEM, and glucocorticoid was crucial and effective, which had no significant influence on efficacy of PCECV.
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Key Words
- ADEM
- ADEM, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
- ANCA, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
- ASO, Anti-streptolycin O
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid
- CT, Computed tomography
- EEG, electroencephalography
- ESR, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- FLAIR, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
- HDCV, human diploid cell vaccine
- HRIG
- HRIG, Human Rabies Immunoglobulin
- MRI, magnetic resonance image
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- PCECV, purified Chick embryo cell vaccines
- PEP, post-exposure prophylaxis
- PPRC, Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China
- PVRV
- PVRV, purified Vero cell rabies vaccine
- RABV, rabies virus
- RFFIT, rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test
- RVNA
- RVNA, rabies virus neutralizing antibodies
- T2W, T2-weighted
- glucocorticoids
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- a Department of Neurology; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College ; Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan , China
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Krämer B, Kamphuis E, Hanschmann KM, Milne C, Daas A, Duchow K. A multi-dose serological assay suitable to quantify the potency of inactivated rabies vaccines for veterinary use. Biologicals 2013; 41:400-6. [PMID: 24144483 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse vaccination-challenge test, which is the most widely used method for determining the potency of inactivated rabies vaccines, is imprecise, time-consuming, and causes severe distress to the test animals. An alternative single-dose serological method has been implemented in the European Pharmacopoeia Monograph 0451 to replace the mouse challenge test for batch release. This single-dose limit method provides semi-quantitative results, but is not suitable for quantifying potency. We have now extended this serological method to a multi-dose format which allows a quantification of vaccine potency. In studies including all rabies vaccine strains relevant for Europe, we found dose-dependency for all vaccines and standard preparations. We have demonstrated that the multi-dose serological approach provides reliable quantitative potency results and is more precise than the mouse vaccination-challenge test. We have shown that adjuvanted vaccines can be calibrated against non-adjuvanted material, and that reference material can be calibrated against the International Standard. The method is therefore capable of assigning potency with the additional advantage of requiring fewer animals and reducing distress. Once the applicability of the method has been further verified in a collaborative study, it can complement the single-dose assay and eventually eliminate the need for the mouse challenge test.
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