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Hua A, Dong TV, Maier JX. The effect of multisensory context and experience on flavor preference decisions in rats. Physiol Behav 2024; 276:114480. [PMID: 38307360 PMCID: PMC10922607 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Flavor is perceived through multiple senses, including gustation and olfaction. Previous studies have shown that different sensory qualities that make up flavor are integrated to inform perceptual judgements. Psychophysical work in humans further suggests a prominent role for congruency (i.e., the learnt correspondence between taste and odor components of flavor through eating experience) in shaping multisensory interactions underlying perceptual judgments of flavor. However, eating experience cannot be controlled in humans, and depending on the type of judgement, these studies yielded mixed findings. Here, we used rats to test how experimentally-controlled experience with specific flavor mixtures (OdorA+TasteA and OdorB +TasteB) from weaning to adulthood affects subsequent flavor preference judgements in a series of two-bottle preference tests. In unisensory conditions, animals made odor or taste preference decisions (i.e., OdorA versus OdorB and TasteA versus TasteB, respectively). In multisensory conditions, animals made identical decisions, but the addition of the other modality rendered one solution congruent; the other one incongruent (e.g., OdorA+TasteA versus OdorB+TasteA). The results show that animals effectively learned congruency associations between the taste and smell components of experienced flavor mixtures. Comparing unisensory and multisensory conditions revealed no systematic effect of congruency on the magnitude of flavor preference, but preferences were less variable in multisensory compared to unisensory conditions. Results from a second group of naïve animals further demonstrate that increased reliability of preference judgements in multisensory conditions was independent of experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hua
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Timothy V Dong
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joost X Maier
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Hannum ME, Fryer JA, Simons CT. Non-food odors and the duality of smell: Impact of odorant delivery pathway and labeling convention on olfactory perception. Physiol Behav 2021; 238:113480. [PMID: 34058218 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory system encompasses two perceptual pathways (orthonasal and retronasal) that activate the same receptors in the olfactory epithelium yet are thought to elicit different perceptions. Presently, a novel matching paradigm was employed using a non-food flavor set with low retronasal familiarity (honeysuckle, lavender, rose, and jasmine) to evaluate the effect of odor type on the Duality of Smell. Additionally, the influence of cognitive strategies used by subjects was assessed by manipulating the naming convention seen by the subjects: familiar (Honeysuckle, Lavender, Rose, Jasmine), unfamiliar (Inodora, Pedunculata, Beggeriana, Didymum), and generic (A, B, C, D). Subjects were presented with a reference, either in a vial (orthonasal delivery, ON) or a 2 oz. cup (retronasal delivery, RN) and instructed to match the same aroma from four unknowns, evaluated either by the same delivery route (congruent, e.g., ON-ON, RN-RN) or different route (incongruent, e.g., ON-RN, RN-ON) than the reference evaluation. All possible combinations of orthonasal and retronasal delivery for the reference and unknowns (e.g. ON-ON, RN-RN, ON-RN, RN-ON) were assessed by all subjects. Matching performance and signal detection measures indicated that, on average, subjects performed significantly better in the congruent conditions than in the incongruent conditions. These results suggest perceptual quality of aromas is route dependent and extend the Duality of Smell hypothesis to samples with low retronasal familiarity such as non-food odors. Labeling convention also had an impact on performance but, surprisingly, not in the direction anticipated. Indeed, as the information contained in the label decreased from familiar to generic reference names, performance increased. Moreover, depending on the labeling convention used, certain aromas were easier to match than others. The present research suggests odorant matching is a function of stimulus quality, cognitive strategy, and labeling convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Hannum
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210-1007
| | - Jenna A Fryer
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210-1007
| | - Christopher T Simons
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH 43210-1007.
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Prem B, Liu DT, Besser G, Renner B, Mueller CA. Retronasal olfactory testing in early diagnosed and suspected COVID-19 patients: a 7-week follow-up study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 279:257-265. [PMID: 33987699 PMCID: PMC8118104 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Olfactory dysfunction (OD) constitutes a major symptom in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Yet, most data on smell loss rely on the evaluation of orthonasal olfactory performance. Therefore, we aimed to assess retronasal olfactory function (ROF) over a period of several weeks in proven and suspected COVID-19 patients. METHODS One hundred and one subjects with suspected or laboratory-proven COVID-19 participated in this study. In patients with OD no longer than 4 weeks after initial symptom onset, ROF was measured with the 7-item Candy Smell Test ten times over 7 weeks. RESULTS Olfactory function was decreased in the investigated patients and remained decreased over the course of 7 weeks. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant difference of ROF between different measurement time points. However, self-assessment of smell and flavour improved significantly (p = 0.013 and p = 0.043), but did not show complete recovery. CONCLUSION The current investigation revealed significant improvements in subjective smell and flavour perception over the course of 7 weeks in proven and suspected COVID-19 patients suffering from acute OD. However, objectively measured ROF based on a screening test revealed no improvements within the same time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Prem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Tianxiang Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerold Besser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Albert Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Besser G, Oswald MM, Liu DT, Renner B, Mueller CA. Flavor education and training in olfactory dysfunction: a pilot study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:1987-1994. [PMID: 32248300 PMCID: PMC7286942 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Olfactory training is recommended in olfactory dysfunction (OD) showing promising results. OD patients frequently ask for training modifications in the hope of a better outcome. Also, a lack of knowledge of the flavor system is evident. This investigation sought to implement flavor education (FE) and encourage patients to experience flavors in terms of a flavor training (FT). METHODS In included patients (n = 30), OD was either of postinfectious (86.7%) or posttraumatic (13.3%) cause. Chemosensory abilities were tested orthonasally (using Sniffin Sticks = TDI) and retronasally (using the Candy Smell Test = CST). Key points of flavor perception were demonstrated in an educative session. Subjects were instructed to consciously experience flavors out of a list of 50. Effects of FT were explored in two groups (group A and B), with group B starting FT 17 weeks later. RESULTS FE was appreciated and drop-out rate stayed very low (one participant). Compliance was high and 30.4 ± 12.9 flavors were tried. Overall TDI scores improved in 10 patients (6 group A, 4 group B) in a clinically significant way (> 5.5). For group A (starting FT earlier) rm-ANOVA showed a significant effect of session (timepoint) on CST (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Flavor education is demonstrated as feasible and appreciated in a clinical setting. FT seems to be a welcomed second-line therapy in patients with olfactory dysfunction. This study shows beneficial trends of FT; however, further studies with larger sample sizes and standardized training protocols are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerold Besser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela M Oswald
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - David T Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian A Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Sanganahalli BG, Baker KL, Thompson GJ, Herman P, Shepherd GM, Verhagen JV, Hyder F. Orthonasal versus retronasal glomerular activity in rat olfactory bulb by fMRI. Neuroimage 2020; 212:116664. [PMID: 32087375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Odorants can reach olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) by two routes: orthonasally, when volatiles enter the nasal cavity during inhalation/sniffing, and retronasally, when food volatiles released in the mouth pass into the nasal cavity during exhalation/eating. Previous work in humans has shown that both delivery routes of the same odorant can evoke distinct perceptions and patterns of neural responses in the brain. Each delivery route is known to influence specific responses across the dorsal region of the glomerular sheet in the olfactory bulb (OB), but spatial distributions across the entire glomerular sheet throughout the whole OB remain largely unexplored. We used functional MRI (fMRI) to measure and compare activations across the entire glomerular sheet in rat OB resulting from both orthonasal and retronasal stimulations of the same odors. We observed reproducible fMRI activation maps of the whole OB during both orthonasal and retronasal stimuli. However, retronasal stimuli required double the orthonasal odor concentration for similar response amplitudes. Regardless, both the magnitude and spatial extent of activity were larger during orthonasal versus retronasal stimuli for the same odor. Orthonasal and retronasal response patterns show overlap as well as some route-specific dominance. Orthonasal maps were dominant in dorsal-medial regions, whereas retronasal maps were dominant in caudal and lateral regions. These different whole OB encodings likely underlie differences in odor perception between these biologically important routes for odorants among mammals. These results establish the relationships between orthonasal and retronasal odor representations in the rat OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraju G Sanganahalli
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Keeley L Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Garth J Thompson
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Peter Herman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Justus V Verhagen
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Iannilli E, Bult JHF, Roudnitzky N, Gerber J, de Wijk RA, Hummel T. Oral texture influences the neural processing of ortho- and retronasal odors in humans. Brain Res 2014; 1587:77-87. [PMID: 25175838 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Eating implies mutual interactions between different senses. In the present work we aimed at studying relations between food texture and food odor, using both psychophysical and imaging techniques. Eighteen right-handed healthy human subjects participated to both behavioral and fMRI sessions. Fresh, sweetened milk and a more thickened version were delivered orally; in addition, a buttery-cream aroma was presented ortho- or retronasally. Stimuli were applied using a gustometer and or an air-dilution olfactometer, both computer-controlled. In each session subjects rated separately odor-, taste- and thickness intensities of the stimuli. The behavioral data show that odors, presented through either retro- or orthonasal path, induce a significant flavor enhancement with respect to the no-odor condition. Brain functional data indicated a significant enhancement of the activation of olfactory eloquent areas in favor of ortho-nasal odor presentation while activations of mechanosensory areas were favored by the retro-nasal odor route. As effect of oral stimuli we found a significant correlation between the texture intensity rating vs. the BOLD signal in the supplementary motor area, known to drive subconsciously primed movement, putatively associated in this case with the tongue movement required with the handling of the stimulus. Moreover, we found inhibition of the signal in different sensory specific areas as an effect of the mutual interaction between stimulus qualities. In conclusion, ortho- and retronasal odors differentially affect the neural processing of the texture of oral stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Iannilli
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Johannes H F Bult
- TI Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; NIZO Food Research, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Natacha Roudnitzky
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Rene A de Wijk
- TI Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Altundag A, Salihoglu M, Cayonu M, Tekeli H. Clinical assessment of olfactory functions in children who underwent adenotonsillectomy during pre- and post-operative period. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:1138-42. [PMID: 24791678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of both ortho- and retronasal olfactory function in children who underwent adenotonsillectomy (AT) operation due to infectious and/or obstructive adenotonsillar disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 25 children with adenotonsillar disease are included in the study; the children were followed for 6 months in the conducted clinics and underwent AT operation. An age- and sex-matched control group was constituted with 25 healthy children free of adenotonsillar disease. Adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy was graded according to the subjective size scales. Each subject's orthonasal and retronasal olfactory functions were assessed using odor identification test and retronasal olfactory testing. These tests were performed once, at the beginning of the study, for the control group and performed twice, at the beginning of the study and the third month follow-up, for the disease group. Parents of children in the adenotonsillar disease group filled out a visual analog scale to evaluate the children's appetite at the same time with olfactory testing. RESULTS The current investigation produced four major findings: (1) both ortho- and retronasal olfactory abilities of participants were improving following AT operation, (2) adenoid hypertrophy had a significant negative effect on both ortho- and retronasal olfaction, whereas tonsil hypertrophy had significant negative effect only on the retronasal olfactory score, (3) retronasal olfaction was found to be more affected by the adenoid size than the orthonasal, as shown with correlation analysis, and (4) the increase in appetite of children after AT operation had been specified by parents. CONCLUSIONS Children with adenotonsillar disease have increased olfaction abilities, namely ortho- and retronasal olfactory function following AT operation. In addition, retronasal olfactory function, an important component of flavor, seems to be more affected than orthonasal function. These results also explain the increased appetite of operated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Altundag
- Istanbul Surgery Hospital, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Sisli, Istanbul 34365, Turkey.
| | - Murat Salihoglu
- Gulhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Uskudar, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Melih Cayonu
- Amasya University Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amasya 5100, Turkey
| | - Hakan Tekeli
- Gulhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpaşa Training Hospital Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Department of Neurology, Uskudar, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
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