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Campbell MD, Martín-Pérez M, Egertson JD, Gaffrey MJ, Wang L, Bammler T, Rabinovitch PS, MacCoss M, Qian WJ, Villen J, Marcinek D. Elamipretide effects on the skeletal muscle phosphoproteome in aged female mice. GeroScience 2022; 44:2913-2924. [PMID: 36322234 PMCID: PMC9768078 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function is known as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia progresses based on complex processes involving protein dynamics, cell signaling, oxidative stress, and repair. We have previously found that 8-week treatment with elamipretide improves skeletal muscle function, reverses redox stress, and restores protein S-glutathionylation changes in aged female mice. This study tested whether 8-week treatment with elamipretide also affects global phosphorylation in skeletal muscle consistent with functional improvements and S-glutathionylation. Using female 6-7-month-old mice and 28-29-month-old mice, we found that phosphorylation changes did not relate to S-glutathionylation modifications, but that treatment with elamipretide did partially reverse age-related changes in protein phosphorylation in mouse skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Campbell
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, South Lake Union Campus, 850 Republican St., Brotman D142, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Jarrett D Egertson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Judit Villen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, South Lake Union Campus, 850 Republican St., Brotman D142, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Zhang T, Day NJ, Gaffrey M, Weitz KK, Attah K, Mimche PN, Paine R, Qian WJ, Helms MN. Regulation of hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury via post-translational cysteine redox modifications. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102405. [PMID: 35872399 PMCID: PMC9307955 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants and patients with lung disease often have excess fluid in the lungs and are frequently treated with oxygen, however long-term exposure to hyperoxia results in irreversible lung injury. Although the adverse effects of hyperoxia are mediated by reactive oxygen species, the full extent of the impact of hyperoxia on redox-dependent regulation in the lung is unclear. In this study, neonatal mice overexpressing the beta-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (β-ENaC) encoded by Scnn1b and their wild type (WT; C57Bl6) littermates were utilized to study the pathogenesis of high fraction inspired oxygen (FiO2)-induced lung injury. Results showed that O2-induced lung injury in transgenic Scnn1b mice is attenuated following chronic O2 exposure. To test the hypothesis that reversible cysteine-redox-modifications of proteins play an important role in O2-induced lung injury, we performed proteome-wide profiling of protein S-glutathionylation (SSG) in both WT and Scnn1b overexpressing mice maintained at 21% O2 (normoxia) or FiO2 85% (hyperoxia) from birth to 11-15 days postnatal. Over 7700 unique Cys sites with SSG modifications were identified and quantified, covering more than 3000 proteins in the lung. In both mouse models, hyperoxia resulted in a significant alteration of the SSG levels of Cys sites belonging to a diverse range of proteins. In addition, substantial SSG changes were observed in the Scnn1b overexpressing mice exposed to hyperoxia, suggesting that ENaC plays a critically important role in cellular regulation. Hyperoxia-induced SSG changes were further supported by the results observed for thiol total oxidation, the overall level of reversible oxidation on protein cysteine residues. Differential analyses reveal that Scnn1b overexpression may protect against hyperoxia-induced lung injury via modulation of specific processes such as cell adhesion, blood coagulation, and proteolysis. This study provides a landscape view of protein oxidation in the lung and highlights the importance of redox regulation in O2-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Integrative Omics Group, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Day
- Integrative Omics Group, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Gaffrey
- Integrative Omics Group, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Karl K Weitz
- Integrative Omics Group, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kwame Attah
- Integrative Omics Group, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Patrice N Mimche
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert Paine
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Integrative Omics Group, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - My N Helms
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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3
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Mustafa Rizvi SH, Shao D, Tsukahara Y, Pimentel DR, Weisbrod RM, Hamburg NM, McComb ME, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM. Oxidized GAPDH transfers S-glutathionylation to a nuclear protein Sirtuin-1 leading to apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:73-83. [PMID: 34332079 PMCID: PMC8432375 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS S-glutathionylation is a reversible oxidative modification of protein cysteines that plays a critical role in redox signaling. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx), a glutathione-specific thioltransferase, removes protein S-glutathionylation. Glrx, though a cytosolic protein, can activate a nuclear protein Sirtuin-1 (SirT1) by removing its S-glutathionylation. Glrx ablation causes metabolic abnormalities and promotes controlled cell death and fibrosis in mice. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a key enzyme of glycolysis, is sensitive to oxidative modifications and involved in apoptotic signaling via the SirT1/p53 pathway in the nucleus. We aimed to elucidate the extent to which S-glutathionylation of GAPDH and glutaredoxin-1 contribute to GAPDH/SirT1/p53 apoptosis pathway. RESULTS Exposure of HEK 293T cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) caused rapid S-glutathionylation and nuclear translocation of GAPDH. Nuclear GAPDH peaked 10-15 min after the addition of H2O2. Overexpression of Glrx or redox dead mutant GAPDH inhibited S-glutathionylation and nuclear translocation. Nuclear GAPDH formed a protein complex with SirT1 and exchanged S-glutathionylation to SirT1 and inhibited its deacetylase activity. Inactivated SirT1 remained stably bound to acetylated-p53 and initiated apoptotic signaling resulting in cleavage of caspase-3. We observed similar effects in human primary aortic endothelial cells suggesting the GAPDH/SirT1/p53 pathway as a common apoptotic mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Abundant GAPDH with its highly reactive-cysteine thiolate may function as a cytoplasmic rheostat to sense oxidative stress. S-glutathionylation of GAPDH may relay the signal to the nucleus where GAPDH trans-glutathionylates nuclear proteins such as SirT1 to initiate apoptosis. Glrx reverses GAPDH S-glutathionylation and prevents its nuclear translocation and cytoplasmic-nuclear redox signaling leading to apoptosis. Our data suggest that trans-glutathionylation is a critical step in apoptotic signaling and a potential mechanism that cytosolic Glrx controls nuclear transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Husain Mustafa Rizvi
- Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, And Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Di Shao
- Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuko Tsukahara
- Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Richard Pimentel
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, And Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert M Weisbrod
- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, And Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, And Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark E McComb
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Pal D, Rai A, Checker R, Patwardhan RS, Singh B, Sharma D, Sandur SK. Role of protein S-Glutathionylation in cancer progression and development of resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108890. [PMID: 33894196 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The survival, functioning and proliferation of mammalian cells are highly dependent on the cellular response and adaptation to changes in their redox environment. Cancer cells often live in an altered redox environment due to aberrant neo-vasculature, metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated proliferation. Thus, redox adaptations are critical for their survival. Glutathione plays an essential role in maintaining redox homeostasis inside the cells by binding to redox-sensitive cysteine residues in proteins by a process called S-glutathionylation. S-Glutathionylation not only protects the labile cysteine residues from oxidation, but also serves as a sensor of redox status, and acts as a signal for stimulation of downstream processes and adaptive responses to ensure redox equilibrium. The present review aims to provide an updated overview of the role of the unique redox adaptations during carcinogenesis and cancer progression, focusing on their dependence on S-glutathionylation of specific redox-sensitive proteins involved in a wide range of processes including signalling, transcription, structural maintenance, mitochondrial functions, apoptosis and protein recycling. We also provide insights into the role of S-glutathionylation in the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Finally, we provide a strong rationale for the development of redox targeting drugs for treatment of refractory/resistant cancers.
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5
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Ko KY, Lee JH, Jang JK, Jin Y, Kang H, Kim IY. S-Glutathionylation of mouse selenoprotein W prevents oxidative stress-induced cell death by blocking the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:362-371. [PMID: 31299423 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mouse selenoprotein W (SELENOW) is a small protein containing a selenocysteine (Sec, U) and four cysteine (Cys, C) residues. The Sec residue in SELENOW is located within the conserved CXXU motif corresponding to the CXXC redox motif of thioredoxin (Trx). It is known that glutathione (GSH) binds to SELENOW and that this binding is involved in protecting cells from oxidative stress. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling the glutathionylation of SELENOW in oxidative stress are unclear. In this study, using purified recombinant SELENOW in which Sec13 was changed to Cys, we found that SELENOW was glutathionylated at Cys33 and that this S-glutathionylation was enhanced by oxidative stress. We also found that the S-glutathionylation of SELENOW at Cys33 in HEK293 cells was due to glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTpi) and that this modification was reversed by glutaredoxin1 (Grx1). In addition to the disulfide bond between the Cys10 and Cys13 of SELENOW, a second disulfide bond was formed between Cys33 and Cys87 under oxidative stress conditions. The second disulfide bond was reduced by Trx1, but the disulfide bond between Cys10 and Cys13 was not. The second disulfide bond was also reduced by glutathione, but the disulfide bond in the CXXC motif was not. The second disulfide bond of the mutant SELENOW, in which Cys37 was replaced with Ser, was formed at a much lower concentration of hydrogen peroxide than the wild type. We also observed that Cys37 was required for S-glutathionylation, and that S-glutathionylated SELENOW containing Cys37 protected the cells from oxidative stress. Furthermore, the SELENOW (C33, 87S) mutant, which could not form the second disulfide bond, also showed antioxidant activity. Taken together, these results indicate that GSTpi-mediated S-glutathionylation of mouse SELENOW at Cys33 is required for the protection of cells in conditions of oxidative stress, through inhibition of the formation of the second disulfide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Young Ko
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jea Hwang Lee
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge ST, Boston, MA, 02114-2790, USA
| | - Jun Ki Jang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Yunjung Jin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ick Young Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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6
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Poluektov YM, Dergousova EA, Lopina OD, Mitkevich VA, Makarov AA, Petrushanko IY. Na,K-ATPase α-subunit conformation determines glutathionylation efficiency. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:86-90. [PMID: 30661791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The functioning of the N, K-ATPase depends on the redox status of cells and its activity is inhibited by oxidative stress and hypoxia. We previously found that redox sensitivity of the Na,K-ATPase is mediated by glutathionylation of the α-subunit. An increase in the level of glutathionylation of cysteine residues in the Na,K-ATPase α-subunit under stressful conditions leads to a decrease in the activity of the enzyme and a change in its receptor function. The structure of the Na,K-ATPase undergoes significant conformational changes during functioning. The effects of enzyme conformation on its ability to undergo glutathionylation are not clear. Here we show that the highest level of glutathionylation in the α-subunit of Na,K-ATPase is achieved in the E1 (Na+-induced) conformation. The transition of the Na,K-ATPase to the E2 (K+-induced) conformation leads to a decrease in the efficiency of glutathionylation. The lowest efficiency of Na,K-ATPase glutathionylation was observed in the E2P and E2P ouabain states. According to molecular modelling data, the maximum number of cysteine residues available for glutathionylation are present in the E1P conformation. In the E2P conformation, the main functional cysteine residues (Cys204, Cys242, Cys452, and Cys456) are buried from the solvent, which makes them inaccessible for glutathionylation. Thus, the efficiency of α-subunit glutathionylation depends on enzyme conformation, which is altered by bound ligands and proteins. A shift in the E1/E2 equilibrium towards prevalence of E1 can lead to better access for the relevant ligands and proteins to the binding site located in the Na,K-ATPase α-subunit. Na,K-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Poluektov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, 119991, Moscow, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Trubetskaya St. 8/2, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Dergousova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga D Lopina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 32, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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7
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Abstract
Early work in the 1970s by Linus Pauling, a twice-honored Nobel laureate, led to his proposal of using high-dose vitamin C to treat cancer patients. Over the past several decades, a number of studies in animal models as well as several small-scale clinical studies have provided substantial support of Linus Pauling's early proposal. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via oxidation of vitamin C appears to be a major underlying event, leading to the selective killing of cancer cells. However, it remains unclear how vitamin C selectively kills cancer cells while sparing normal cells and what the molecular targets of high-dose vitamin C are. In a recent article published in Science (2015 December 11; 350(6266):1391-6. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa5004), Yun et al. reported that vitamin C selectively kills KRAS and BRAF mutant colorectal cancer cells by targeting glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) through an ROS-dependent mechanism. This work by Yun et al. along with other findings advances our current understanding of the molecular basis of high-dose vitamin C-mediated cancer cell killing, which will likely give an impetus to the continued research efforts aiming to further decipher the novel biochemistry of vitamin C and its unique role in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Li
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA.,College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA.,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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8
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Kang PT, Chen CL, Chen YR. Increased mitochondrial prooxidant activity mediates up-regulation of Complex I S-glutathionylation via protein thiyl radical in the murine heart of eNOS(-/-). Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:56-68. [PMID: 25445401 PMCID: PMC4339473 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In response to oxidative stress, mitochondrial Complex I is reversibly S-glutathionylated. We hypothesized that protein S-glutathionylation (PrSSG) of Complex I is mediated by a kinetic mechanism involving reactive protein thiyl radical (PrS(•)) and GSH in vivo. Previous studies have shown that in vitro S-glutathionylation of isolated Complex I at the 51 and 75-kDa subunits was detected under the conditions of (•)O2(-) production, and mass spectrometry confirmed that formation of Complex I PrS(•) mediates PrSSG. Exposure of myocytes to menadione resulted in enhanced Complex I PrSSG and PrS(•) (Kang et al., Free Radical Biol. Med.52:962-973; 2012). In this investigation, we tested our hypothesis in the murine heart of eNOS(-/-). The eNOS(-/-) mouse is known to be hypertensive and develops the pathological phenotype of progressive cardiac hypertrophy. The mitochondria isolated from the eNOS(-/-) myocardium exhibited a marked dysfunction with impaired state 3 respiration, a declining respiratory control index, and decreasing enzymatic activities of ETC components. Further biochemical analysis and EPR measurement indicated defective aconitase activity, a marked increase in (•)O2(-) generation activity, and a more oxidized physiological setting. These results suggest increasing prooxidant activity and subsequent oxidative stress in the mitochondria of the eNOS(-/-) murine heart. When Complex I from the mitochondria of the eNOS(-/-) murine heart was analyzed by immunospin trapping and probed with anti-GSH antibody, both PrS(•) and PrSSG of Complex I were significantly enhanced. Overexpression of SOD2 in the murine heart dramatically diminished the detected PrS(•), supporting the conclusion that mediation of Complex I PrSSG by oxidative stress-induced PrS(•) is a unique pathway for the redox regulation of mitochondrial function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Kang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Chwen-Lih Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yeong-Renn Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
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9
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Kang PT, Chen CL, Ren P, Guarini G, Chen YR. BCNU-induced gR2 defect mediates S-glutathionylation of Complex I and respiratory uncoupling in myocardium. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:490-502. [PMID: 24704251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A deficiency of mitochondrial glutathione reductase (or GR2) is capable of adversely affecting the reduction of GSSG and increasing mitochondrial oxidative stress. BCNU [1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea] is an anticancer agent and known inhibitor of cytosolic GR ex vivo and in vivo. Here we tested the hypothesis that a BCNU-induced GR2 defect contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent impairment of heart function. Intraperitoneal administration of BCNU (40 mg/kg) specifically inhibited GR2 activity by 79.8 ± 2.7% in the mitochondria of rat heart. However, BCNU treatment modestly enhanced the activities of mitochondrial Complex I and other ETC components. The cardiac function of BCNU-treated rats was analyzed by echocardiography, revealing a systolic dysfunction associated with decreased ejection fraction, decreased cardiac output, and an increase in left ventricular internal dimension and left ventricular volume in systole. The respiratory control index of isolated mitochondria from the myocardium was moderately decreased after BCNU treatment, whereas NADH-linked uncoupling of oxygen consumption was significantly enhanced. Extracellular flux analysis to measure the fatty acid oxidation of myocytes indicated a 20% enhancement after BCNU treatment. When the mitochondria were immunoblotted with antibodies against GSH and UCP3, both protein S-glutathionylation of Complex I and expression of UCP3 were significantly up-regulated. Overexpression of SOD2 in the myocardium significantly reversed BCNU-induced GR2 inhibition and mitochondrial impairment. In conclusion, BCNU-mediated cardiotoxicity is characterized by the GR2 deficiency that negatively regulates heart function by impairing mitochondrial integrity, increasing oxidative stress with Complex I S-glutathionylation, and enhancing uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/pharmacology
- Cardiotoxins/adverse effects
- Cardiotoxins/pharmacology
- Carmustine/adverse effects
- Carmustine/pharmacology
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Electron Transport Complex I/chemistry
- Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Glutathione Reductase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glutathione Reductase/metabolism
- Heart Ventricles/drug effects
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Superoxide Dismutase/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
- Uncoupling Protein 3
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/chemically induced
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Kang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Chwen-Lih Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Pei Ren
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Giacinta Guarini
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Yeong-Renn Chen
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
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10
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Su D, Gaffrey MJ, Guo J, Hatchell KE, Chu RK, Clauss TRW, Aldrich JT, Wu S, Purvine S, Camp DG, Smith RD, Thrall BD, Qian WJ. Proteomic identification and quantification of S-glutathionylation in mouse macrophages using resin-assisted enrichment and isobaric labeling. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:460-70. [PMID: 24333276 PMCID: PMC3945121 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
S-Glutathionylation (SSG) is an important regulatory posttranslational modification on protein cysteine (Cys) thiols, yet the role of specific cysteine residues as targets of modification is poorly understood. We report a novel quantitative mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic method for site-specific identification and quantification of S-glutathionylation across different conditions. Briefly, this approach consists of initial blocking of free thiols by alkylation, selective reduction of glutathionylated thiols, and covalent capture of reduced thiols using thiol affinity resins, followed by on-resin tryptic digestion and isobaric labeling with iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) for MS-based identification and quantification. The overall approach was initially validated by application to RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages treated with different doses of diamide to induce glutathionylation. A total of 1071 Cys sites from 690 proteins were identified in response to diamide treatment, with ~90% of the sites displaying >2-fold increases in SSG modification compared to controls. This approach was extended to identify potential SSG-modified Cys sites in response to H2O2, an endogenous oxidant produced by activated macrophages and many pathophysiological stimuli. The results revealed 364 Cys sites from 265 proteins that were sensitive to S-glutathionylation in response to H2O2 treatment, thus providing a database of proteins and Cys sites susceptible to this modification under oxidative stress. Functional analysis revealed that the most significantly enriched molecular function categories for proteins sensitive to SSG modifications were free radical scavenging and cell death/survival. Overall the results demonstrate that our approach is effective for site-specific identification and quantification of SSG-modified proteins. The analytical strategy also provides a unique approach to determining the major pathways and cellular processes most susceptible to S-glutathionylation under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Su
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Kayla E Hatchell
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Rosalie K Chu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Therese R W Clauss
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Joshua T Aldrich
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Si Wu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Sam Purvine
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - David G Camp
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Brian D Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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Sehrawat A, Gupta R, Deswal R. Nitric oxide-cold stress signalling cross-talk, evolution of a novel regulatory mechanism. Proteomics 2013; 13:1816-35. [PMID: 23580434 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants enhance their cold stress tolerance by cold acclimation, a process which results in vast reprogramming of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. Evidence suggests nitric oxide (NO) production during cold stress which regulates genes (especially the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) cold stress signalling pathway), diverse proteins including transcription factors (TFs) and phosphosphingolipids. About 59% (redox), 50% (defence/stress) and 30% (signalling) cold responsive proteins are modulated by NO-based post translational modifications (PTMs) namely S-nitrosylation, tyrosine nitration and S-glutathionylation, suggesting a cross-talk between NO and cold. Analysis of cold stress responsive deep proteome in apoplast, mitochondria, chloroplast and nucleus suggested continuation of this cross-talk in sub-cellular systems. Modulation of cold responsive proteins by these PTMs right from cytoskeletal elements in plasma membrane to TFs in nucleus suggests a novel regulation of cold stress signalling. NO-mediated altered protein transport in nucleus seems an important stress regulatory mechanism. This review addresses the NO and cold stress signalling cross-talk to present the overview of this novel regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sehrawat
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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