Guidelines from the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]

Relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) remains a major concern because it is associated with poor survival. A second allo-HCT is a valid option in this situation. During the 13th annual harmonization workshops of the francophone Society of bone marrow transplantation and cellular therapy (SFGM-TC), a designated working group reviewed the literature in order to update the second allo-HCT recommendations elaborated during the previous workshop (2016). The main indication for a second allo-HCT remains relapse of initial hematologic malignancy. Disease status; complete remission (CR), and relapse time after the first allo-HCT>6 months impact positively the overall survival of patients after the second allo-HCT. Donor change is a valid option, particularly if there is HLA loss on leukemic cells after a first haploidentical or following a mismatched allo-HCT is documented. Reduced intensity conditioning is recommended, while a sequential protocol is a reasonable option in patients with proliferative disease. A post-transplant maintenance strategy after hematological recovery is recommended as soon as day 60, even if the immunosuppressive treatment has not yet been stopped. Hypomethylating agents, and targeted therapies such as anti FLT3, anti BCL2, anti-IDH1/2, TKI, anti-TP53, anti-CD33, anti-CD19, anti-CD22, anti-CD30, check point inhibitors, and CAR-T cells can be used as a bridge to transplant or as an alternative treatment to the second allo-HCT.