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Katz SJ, Cohen E, Hatsukami D. Testing the influence of harm reduction messages on health risk attitudes, injunctive norms and perceived behavioral control. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:113. [PMID: 37596601 PMCID: PMC10439536 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cigarettes can potentially be a harm reduction pathway for adults who smoke and who are seeking to make the complete switch from cigarettes. However, often people who smoke believe that e-cigarettes are just as damaging as cigarettes to their health. From a harm reduction perspective, the key question is whether providing information about the reduced toxicant intake of e-cigarettes, compared to cigarettes, could influence their perceptions and whether there are certain message features that might further support this transition. METHODS In this experiment (n = 305), we test whether a harm reduction (reduced toxicant intake, complete switch) message will influence the health risk attitudes, injunctive norms and perceived behavioral control of people who smoke, compared to those who do not view a message and whether including a "smoking cue" within the message influences their response. RESULTS Results indicate that those who viewed the harm reduction message with a smoking cue had lower health risk attitudes than those who did not view a message (p = 0.025) and higher injunctive norms than those who viewed the message without a smoking cue (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that a harm reduction message with a smoking cue can influence the perceptions of adults who smoke, lowering health risk attitudes and increasing injunctive norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri Jean Katz
- Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Elisia Cohen
- Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Ng G, Attwells S, Selby P, Zawertailo L. Effectiveness of Non-Nicotinic E-Cigarettes to Reduce Cue- and Abstinence-Induced Cigarette Craving in Non-Treatment Seeking Daily Dependent Smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1461-1472. [PMID: 33515267 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are potential tools for smoking cessation because they deliver nicotine and simulate smoking behaviors. The contribution of sensorimotor versus pharmacological substitution is unknown. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether non-nicotinic e-cigarettes, used alone or with nicotine lozenges, can attenuate cigarette craving following visual cue presentation or acute (3 h post ad-lib use) abstinence in dependent daily smokers. METHODS Following overnight (12 hours) abstinence, 41 daily smokers were exposed to 4 experimental conditions on separate days: (i) tobacco cigarettes (CIG); (ii) non-nicotinic e-cigarettes with placebo lozenges (EPL); (iii) non-nicotinic e-cigarettes with 4 mg nicotine lozenge (ENL); and (iv) 4 mg nicotine lozenge (NL). Cigarette craving was assessed following presentation of neutral and smoking cues at various time points using the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-B) and visual analog scales (VAS). RESULTS All experimental conditions significantly reduced participants' baseline overnight abstinence cigarette craving. ENLs and NLs attenuated smoking-cue-induced cravings to a greater extent than CIGs, where cravings were significantly higher with CIGs compared to ENLs [mean difference (MD) ± standard error (SE) in QSU-B = 3.2 ± 0.84, P = 0.002; VAS = 12.7 ± 2.7, P < 0.0005] and NLs [MD ± SE in QSU-B = 2.7 ± 0.92, P = 0.031; VAS = 8.1 ± 2.3, P = 0.005]. Craving responses to cues after 3 h were higher after smoking CIGs compared to ENLs [MD ± SE in QSU-B = 3.9 ± 1.4, P = 0.047; VAS = 14.1 ± 3.6, P = 0.002] and NLs [MD ± SE in QSU-B = 3.2 ± 1.1, P = 0.046; VAS = 9.7 ± 3.1, P = 0.017]. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral simulation of smoking with or without nicotine reduces nicotine craving. Compared to cigarettes, ENL with NL or NL alone attenuates cigarette craving over time. Future clinical trials should evaluate the combination of ENL and NL as a method for smoking reduction or cessation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02108626.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginnie Ng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Sophia Attwells
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1L8, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada.
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DiPiazza J, Caponnetto P, Askin G, Christos P, Maglia MLP, Gautam R, Roche S, Polosa R. Sensory experiences and cues among E-cigarette users. Harm Reduct J 2020; 17:75. [PMID: 33059666 PMCID: PMC7559939 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-020-00420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We characterized the extent and quality of respiratory sensations and sensory-related smoking cues associated with e-cigarette use among those who failed to quit combustible tobacco cigarette (CTC) use with traditional FDA approved medications but succeeded in doing so with e-cigarettes. Further, we sought to understand former smokers' perceptions about the influence of sensory experience with e-cigarette use on CTC cessation outcomes. METHODS A nonrandom purposive sample of 156 participants recruited in the USA through the Consumer Advocates for Smoke Free Alternatives Association Facebook page completed an online cross-sectional survey to assess sensory experiences and smoking cues associated with e-cigarette use. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and the ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc testing and the two-sample t test/Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as appropriate based on distribution, were used to assess the association between sample characteristics and sensory experiences and cues using investigator constructed questions, the Modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) and the Smoking Cue Appeal Survey (SCAS). RESULTS With e-cigarette use, participants reported feeling the vapor in their throats, windpipes, noses, lungs, and on their tongues; reductions in nicotine craving; and enjoyment of their e-cigarette, including tasting, smelling, and seeing the vapor and touching the device. Women had greater craving reduction than men (p = 0.023). Those who began smoking at 13 years of age or younger had more satisfaction and had greater sensory enjoyment than those who began smoking at 16-17 years of age (p = 0.015 and p = 0.026, respectively), as well as greater sensory enjoyment than those who began smoking at 14-15 years of age (p = 0.047). There was a significant overall association between the number of years a respondent smoked and e-cigarette sensory enjoyment (p = 0.038). Participants 18-34 years old rated e-cigarettes as being more pleasant compared to 45 + years olds, (p = 0.012). Eighty-four percent of participants reported the sensation of the vapor as important in quitting CTCs, and 91% believed the sensations accompanying e-cigarette use contributed to their smoking cessation success. CONCLUSIONS For those who failed to quit previously using approved cessation medications to stop smoking cigarettes, sensory experiences associated with e-cigarette use may help smokers quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J DiPiazza
- Hunter Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College-City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Caponnetto
- Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "V.Emanuele-Policlinico", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico V. Emanuele", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - G Askin
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Christos
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Lyc Psych Maglia
- Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "V.Emanuele-Policlinico", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - R Gautam
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Roche
- Hunter Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College-City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Polosa
- Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura del Tabagismo (CPCT), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "V.Emanuele-Policlinico", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico V. Emanuele", Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Waring JJ, Hébert ET, Alexander AC, Kendzor DE, Businelle MS. Evaluating the influences of social support and smoking cues on daily smoking abstinence among socioeconomically disadvantaged adults. Addict Behav 2020; 100:106107. [PMID: 31518753 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perceived social support and smoking cues, such as cigarette availability, are important factors that affect smoking cessation outcomes. However, very few studies examine the influences of social support and smoking cues on lapse during a quit attempt. METHODS Socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers participating in a smoking cessation program at a safety net hospital completed smartphone-based ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) for two consecutive weeks (1-week pre-quit through 1-week post-quit). A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to evaluate whether perceived support to quit smoking, perceived pressure to quit smoking, and situational cues (i.e., being offered a cigarette) were related to the likelihood of reporting smoking cigarettes on any EMA within a day. RESULTS Perceived social pressure and support to quit were not related to daily smoking status. Participants were more likely to smoke on days when they were offered a cigarette compared to days when no such event occurred (OR = 3.31 [95% CI = 1.21, 9.06]). This effect was also significant after adjusting for perceived social pressure to quit and support to quit (OR = 3.38 [95% CI = 1.23, 9.31]). CONCLUSION The results suggest that being offered a cigarette negatively impacts smoking cessation. The results reinforce the need for including cigarette refusal skills in smoking cessation treatment to reduce the likelihood of smoking lapse among socioeconomically disadvantaged adults.
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Chen-Sankey JC, Choi K, Kirchner TR, Feldman R, Butler J, Mead EL. Flavored cigar smoking among African American young adult dual users: An ecological momentary assessment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 196:79-85. [PMID: 30754022 PMCID: PMC6377319 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavored cigar sales have increased in recent years in the U.S. African American young adults (AAYAs) have high prevalence of smoking flavored cigars and dual use with cigarettes, but the predictors of use are unclear. We examined the predictors of flavored cigar smoking among AAYA dual users. METHODS We analyzed data from an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study that captured near real-time affect, smoking cues, and tobacco smoking from eight text-messaging surveys per day over two weeks. Sixty-three AAYA (ages 18-29) dual users of cigarettes and cigars recorded 1205 cigar smoking moments. Multivariable Generalized Estimating Equations were used to assess the predictors of smoking cigars with flavors and specific flavor types. RESULTS Half of the participants were women (49.2%) and aged between 18-24 (46.7%). Over the two-weeks, almost all (98.4%) participants smoked flavored cigars, and 64.2% of the cigars smoked were flavored. Alcohol (34.4%) was the most frequently smoked flavor type followed by sweet (23.4%) and mint (5.7%). Feeling stressed (AOR = 1.07) and bored (AOR = 1.10) predicted smoking alcohol flavors. Blunt smoking positively predicted smoking sweet flavors (AOR = 4.79), but negatively predicted smoking alcohol flavors (AOR = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Smoking flavored cigars, especially alcohol-flavored cigars, was prevalent among AAYA dual users in this study. This group might use specific flavors for different purposes including smoking blunts and boosting mood. Efforts to reduce cigar use need to tackle these risk factors and the increased marketing and low-cost pricing of cigars. A federal ban of cigar flavors might reduce the appeal of cigar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cen Chen-Sankey
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert Feldman
- University of Maryland, School of Public Health, MD, USA
| | - James Butler
- University of Maryland, School of Public Health, MD, USA
| | - Erin L. Mead
- University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, CT, USA
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Janes AC, Gilman JM, Radoman M, Pachas G, Fava M, Evins AE. Revisiting the role of the insula and smoking cue-reactivity in relapse: A replication and extension of neuroimaging findings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:8-12. [PMID: 28735078 PMCID: PMC5599349 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability to direct smoking cessation treatment based on neuroscientific findings holds incredible promise. However, there is a strong need for consistency across studies to confirm neurobiological targets. While our prior work implicated enhanced insula reactivity to smoking cues in tobacco smoking relapse vulnerability, this finding has not been confirmed. METHOD Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we evaluated the pre-cessation brain reactivity to smoking vs. neutral cues in nicotine dependent smokers who were and were not able to maintain subsequent abstinence. RESULTS Of the 23 (7 women) individuals assessed, 13 relapsed and there were no demographic differences between those who did and did not relapse. However, smokers who relapsed showed enhanced reactivity to smoking cues in the right insula and dorsal striatum, showing significant overlap between our current and prior work despite methodological differences, including the fact that our previous work only included women. CONCLUSION The current work supports our prior results and builds on the concept that the insula and dorsal striatum work in concert to maintain nicotine dependence. Specifically, dorsal striatal-mediated habitual responding may be triggered both by the external drug-associated cues, and the insula-mediated internal states that provide additional context motivating drug use. This replicated finding also mirrors preclinical work that finds the same individualized distinction, as only some rodents attribute incentive salience to drug cues and are more likely to reinstate drug seeking after extinction. To effectively treat addiction, these individual characteristics and their underlying neurobiological foundations must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Janes
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. M. Gilman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center in Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, MGH, Charlestown, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Radoman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA
| | - G. Pachas
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Fava
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. E. Evins
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Havermans A, van Schayck OCP, Vuurman EFPM, Riedel WJ, van den Hurk J. Nicotine deprivation elevates neural representation of smoking-related cues in object-sensitive visual cortex: a proof of concept study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2375-84. [PMID: 28429068 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the current study, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to investigate whether tobacco addiction biases basic visual processing in favour of smoking-related images. We hypothesize that the neural representation of smoking-related stimuli in the lateral occipital complex (LOC) is elevated after a period of nicotine deprivation compared to a satiated state, but that this is not the case for object categories unrelated to smoking. METHODS Current smokers (≥10 cigarettes a day) underwent two fMRI scanning sessions: one after 10 h of nicotine abstinence and the other one after smoking ad libitum. Regional blood oxygenated level-dependent (BOLD) response was measured while participants were presented with 24 blocks of 8 colour-matched pictures of cigarettes, pencils or chairs. The functional data of 10 participants were analysed through a pattern classification approach. RESULTS In bilateral LOC clusters, the classifier was able to discriminate between patterns of activity elicited by visually similar smoking-related (cigarettes) and neutral objects (pencils) above empirically estimated chance levels only during deprivation (mean = 61.0%, chance (permutations) = 50.0%, p = .01) but not during satiation (mean = 53.5%, chance (permutations) = 49.9%, ns.). For all other stimulus contrasts, there was no difference in discriminability between the deprived and satiated conditions. CONCLUSION The discriminability between smoking and non-smoking visual objects was elevated in object-selective brain region LOC after a period of nicotine abstinence. This indicates that attention bias likely affects basic visual object processing.
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Falcone M, Lerman C, Cappella JN, Sanborn P, Jepson C, Strasser AA. No untoward effects of smoking cues in anti-smoking public service announcements. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:279-82. [PMID: 23742844 PMCID: PMC3786034 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-smoking public service announcements (PSAs) often include smoking-related cues; however, visual drug cues can trigger acute cravings that may impede cognitive processing of the anti-smoking message. This experiment evaluated effects of smoking cues in PSAs on smoking urges, immediate smoking behavior, and persuasion measures in daily smokers. METHODS Three-hundred and eighteen non-treatment seeking smokers completed a single laboratory session during which they viewed sets of PSAs differentiated by presence of smoking cues (central to the PSA's argument, peripheral, or no cues) and argument strength (high versus low). After viewing the PSAs, participants completed self-report measures of smoking urges, attitudes toward quitting, self-efficacy, and intentions to quit smoking. Smoking behavior was recorded during a 1-h ad libitum smoking period immediately following PSA viewing and assessment. RESULTS There was a significant positive effect of argument strength on attitudes toward quitting smoking (p=0.012). There were no main effects of smoking cues or smoking cue by argument strength interactions on any of the outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS Visual smoking cues in PSAs do not increase urges to smoke, nor is there evidence that the inclusion of such cues impedes the recall or persuasive effects of anti-smoking arguments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Falcone
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
,Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joseph N. Cappella
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Paul Sanborn
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Christopher Jepson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew A. Strasser
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Salgado-García FI, Cooper TV, Taylor T. Craving effect of smoking cues in smoking and antismoking stimuli in light smokers. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2492-9. [PMID: 23773957 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cue-reactivity models may be able to inform light and intermittent smoking patterns not yet explained by withdrawal models. For instance, smoking cues in smoking and antismoking advertisements may elicit cravings in smokers at equal rates, which may promote smoking maintenance. Moreover, smoking has been associated with impulsivity, but has not been explored in light and intermittent smokers (LITS). Aims of this study included the assessment of the impact of smoking and antismoking advertisements on post-exposure cravings in LITS and assessment of impulsivity as a moderator between cue exposure and cravings. Data from 155 LITS were analyzed. Participants were exposed to one of three stimuli conditions (i.e., smoking, antismoking, and neutral) and completed measures of demographics, tobacco use and history, impulsivity, and cravings. Univariate analysis demonstrated that smoking stimuli produced higher cravings relative to antismoking and neutral stimuli, whereas no differences between antismoking and neutral stimuli were observed. Impulsivity did not moderate the relationship between stimuli condition and cravings. Implications stemming from these findings include the further regulation of smoking advertisements and future exploration of smoking and smoking cessation in the context of cue-reactivity.
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