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Hu X, Li S, Shi Z, Lin WJ, Yang Y, Li Y, Li H, Xu Y, Zhou M, Tang Y. Partial Ablation of Astrocytes Exacerbates Cerebral Infiltration of Monocytes and Neuronal Loss After Brain Stab Injury in Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:893-905. [PMID: 35437650 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In traumatic brain injury (TBI), mechanical injury results in instantaneous tissue damages accompanied by subsequent pro-inflammatory cascades composed of microgliosis and astrogliosis. However, the interactive roles between microglia and astrocytes during the pathogenesis of TBI remain unclear and sometimes debatable. In this study, we used a forebrain stab injury mouse model to investigate the pathological role of reactive astrocytes in cellular and molecular changes of inflammatory response following TBI. In the ipsilateral hemisphere of stab-injured brain, monocyte infiltration and neuronal loss, as well as increased elevated astrogliosis, microglia activation and inflammatory cytokines were observed. To verify the role of reactive astrocytes in TBI, local and partial ablation of astrocytes was achieved by stereotactic injection of diphtheria toxin in the forebrain of Aldh1l1-CreERT2::Ai9::iDTR transgenic mice which expressed diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) in astrocytes after tamoxifen induction. This strategy achieved about 20% of astrocytes reduction at the stab site as validated by immunofluorescence co-staining of GFAP with tdTomato-positive astrocytes. Interestingly, reduction of astrocytes showed increased microglia activation and monocyte infiltration, accompanied with increased severity in stab injury-induced neuronal loss when compared with DTR-/- mice, together with elevation of inflammatory chemokines such as CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL10 in astrogliosis-reduced mice. Collectively, our data verified the interactive role of astrocytes as an immune modulator in suppressing inflammatory responses in the injured brain. Schematic diagram shows monocyte infiltration and neuronal loss, as well as increased elevated astrogliosis, microglia activation and chemokines were observed in the injured site after stab injury. Local and partial ablation of astrocytes led to increased microglia activation and monocyte infiltration, accompanied with increased severity in neuronal loss together with elevation of inflammatory chemokines as compared with control mice subjected stab injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shaojian Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhongshan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Honghong Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yongteng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Meijuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Hmamouche OM, Lakhdar F, Benzagmout M, Chakour K, El Faiz Chaoui M. Stab injury to the lumbar spine without neurological involvement in a child. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:129. [PMID: 37151434 PMCID: PMC10159326 DOI: 10.25259/sni_51_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stab wound injuries are extraordinary in the child, the thoracic and lumbar spine are the most observed. Patient could be asymptomatic and it could lead to a neurological deficit. Case Description We report a case of a 15-year-old boy victim of a stab wound injury with a knife. He was neurologically intact but the local examination showed blood and clear fluid. The patient underwent surgery and the knife was removed with the reparation of a dural tear. Conclusion Stab wound injuries in child are very rare, the management is clear if there is compression, bleeding or cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and the prognosis depends on the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Mohammed Hmamouche
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hassan II Hospital, University Medical School Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
- Corresponding author: Oualid Mohammed Hmamouche, Department of Neurosurgery, CHU HASSAN II, Fes, Morocco.
| | - Faycal Lakhdar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hassan II Hospital, University Medical School Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Benzagmout
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hassan II Hospital, University Medical School Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Khalid Chakour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hassan II Hospital, University Medical School Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed El Faiz Chaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hassan II Hospital, University Medical School Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
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Sloan K, Robertson J, Fergusson M, Spratford W. An evaluation of human stabbing performance to inform the standardisation of textile damage examinations: Do simulation trials correlate to reported stabbings? Forensic Sci Int 2020; 312:110305. [PMID: 32371281 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Forensic textile damage examinations are commonly requested in cases such as stabbings. These requests often involve the testing of knives or other weapons submitted to determine if they could have caused the damage to the evidential garment. Currently a forensic practitioner conducts this testing by manually performing the stabbing action. A biomechanics performance trial was conducted to evaluate how a range of human factors contribute to the creation of textile damage by stabbing actions. Surveys of sharp force fatalities and clinical penetrative injuries reported the chest and abdomen as the most frequent target location for stab wounds. The location of the cut-type damage recorded during the trial was found to correlate to the location of stab injuries incurred during actual stabbing cases. The type of weapon had an impact on the actions undertaken. Participants mostly utilised the smaller utility and hunting knives in underarm thrusting or overarm hacking actions, whereas an overarm hacking action, or combined hacking/slashing action was performed when using the machete. The familiarity of the knife, shape of the handle and perceived risk of injury determined how the handle was held. Participants frequently stabbed into the target immediately in front of their dominant hand, however care should be taken in interpreting this in a casework scenario. The machete was used with the highest mean velocity, and the utility knife the lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Sloan
- Forensics, Australian Federal Police, GPO Box 401, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - James Robertson
- National Centre for Forensic Studies, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Macarthur Fergusson
- Centre for Materials Innovation and Future Fashion, RMIT University, Brunswick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Dougherty SE, Kajstura TJ, Jin Y, Chan-Cortés MH, Kota A, Linden DJ. Catecholaminergic axons in the neocortex of adult mice regrow following brain injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113089. [PMID: 31697941 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin axons in the adult rodent brain can regrow and recover their function following several forms of injury including controlled cortical impact (CCI), a neocortical stab wound, or systemic amphetamine toxicity. To assess whether this capacity for regrowth is unique to serotonergic fibers, we used CCI and stab injury models to assess whether fibers from other neuromodulatory systems can also regrow following injury. Using tyrosine-hydoxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry we measured the density of catecholaminergic axons before and at various time points after injury. One week after CCI injury we observed a pronounced loss, across cortical layers, of TH+ axons posterior to the site of injury. One month after CCI injury the same was true of TH+ axons both anterior and posterior to the site of injury. This loss was followed by significant recovery of TH+ fiber density across cortical layers, both anterior and posterior to the site of injury, measured three months after injury. TH+ axon loss and recovery over weeks to months was also observed throughout cortical layers using the stab injury model. Double label immunohistochemistry revealed that nearly all TH+ axons in neocortical layer 1/2 are also dopamine-beta-hyroxylase+ (DBH+; presumed norepinephrine), while TH+ axons in layer 5 are a mixture of DBH+ and dopamine transporter+ types. This suggests that noradrenergic axons can regrow following CCI or stab injury in the adult mouse neocortex and leaves open the question of whether dopaminergic axons can do the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Dougherty
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tymoteusz J Kajstura
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yunju Jin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 20 South 2030 East, Room 320 BPRB, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michelle H Chan-Cortés
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akhil Kota
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Linden
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, 916 Hunterian Building, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Patar A, Dockery P, Howard L, McMahon S. Analysis of reactive astrocytes and NG2 proteoglycan in ex vivo rat models of spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 311:418-425. [PMID: 30267723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of animals to model spinal cord injury (SCI) requires extensive post-operative care and can be expensive, which makes an alternative model extremely attractive. The use ofex vivo slice cultures is an alternative way to study the pathophysiological changes that can mimic in vivo conditions and support the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) of animal use in SCI research models. NEW METHOD In this study the presence of reactive astrocytes and NG2 proteoglycans was investigated in two ex vivo models of SCI; stab injury and transection injury. Stereological analysis to measure immunohistochemical staining was performed on the scar and injury zones to detect astrocytes and the chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan NG2. RESULTS The volume fraction (Vv) of reactive astrocytes and NG2 proteoglycans increased significantly between day 3 and day 10 post injury in both ex vivo models. This data shows how ex vivo SCI models are a useful research tool allowing reduction of research cost and time involved in carrying out animal studies, as well as reducing the numbers of animals used. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD This is the first evidence of an ex vivo stab injury model of SCI and also the first comparison of immunohistochemical staining for injury markers within stab injured and transection injured ex vivo slice cultures. CONCLUSIONS The use of organotypic slice culture models provide a simple way to study the cellular consequences following SCI and they can also be used as a platform for potential therapeutics regimes for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azim Patar
- Discipline of Anatomy and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Peter Dockery
- Discipline of Anatomy, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Linda Howard
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhan McMahon
- Discipline of Anatomy and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
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Anand SK, Mondal AC. TrkB receptor antagonism inhibits stab injury induced proliferative response in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Neurosci Lett 2018; 672:28-33. [PMID: 29471003 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Tropomyosin related kinase B (TrkB) receptor, is known to promote neuronal maturation, differentiation, maintenance and survival through its cognate ligands Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin 4 (NT4). BDNF, NT4 and TrkB are highly conserved proteins among vertebrates. Although the role of TrkB during brain development is well established, its role in adult neurogenesis and brain regeneration awaits thorough investigation. In this study, we used the zebrafish stab wound injury model to determine whether the injury induced regeneration response in the telencephalon region is governed by TrkB or not. We induced stab wound injury in the mid-dorsal region of telencephalon of ANA-12 (selective TrkB antagonist) treated and non-treated zebrafish brain and examined the proliferation activity in selected brain regions using immunohistochemistry. We found that proliferation activity was significantly low in ANA-12 injected injured fishes as compared to vehicle control injured fishes. Other major findings of the study include the temporal pattern of proliferation activity after an injury and activation of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) situated distantly apart from the injury site in the adult zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Kumar Anand
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Wang F, Zhang J, Tang H, Li X, Jiang S, Lv Z, Liu S, Chen S, Liu J, Hong Y. Characteristics and rehabilitation for patients with spinal cord stab injury. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 27:3671-3. [PMID: 26834329 PMCID: PMC4713768 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The objective of the study was to compare the incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with spinal cord stab injury to those with the more common spinal cord contusion injury. [Subjects] Of patients hospitalized in China Rehabilitation Research Center from 1994 to 2014, 40 of those having a spinal cord stab injury and 50 with spinal cord contusion were selected. [Methods] The data of all patients were analyzed retrospectively. The cases were evaluated by collecting admission and discharge ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) and ADL (activity of daily living) scores. [Results] After a comprehensive rehabilitation program, ASIA and ADL scores of patients having both spinal cord stab injury and spinal cord contusion significantly increase. However, the increases were noted to be higher in patients having a spinal cord stab injury than those having spinal cord contusion. [Conclusion] Comprehensive rehabilitation is effective both for patients having spinal cord stab injury and those with spinal cord contusion injury. However, the prognosis of patients having spinal cord stab injury is better than that of patients with spinal cord contusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyong Wang
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Hehu Tang
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Zhen Lv
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Shujia Liu
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Shizheng Chen
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Jiesheng Liu
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Yi Hong
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, China; School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, China
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Abstract
This article reports the case of an 8-year-old boy with a knife stab injury to the lumbar spine without neurological deficits. The computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a longitudinal penetration of the conus medullaris at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. The knife blade was extracted and primary closure was carried out on the stab wound. The immediately postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as the follow-up examinations after 1 and 6 weeks showed no evidence of compressive spinal bleeding, myelopathy or cerebrospinal fluid leakage. In addition, no secondary changes of the neurological status developed. Consequently, in cases of neurologically asymptomatic patients without concomitant injuries the surgical exploration of a stab wound does not seem to be absolutely necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Lai
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yu Liu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Singh
- Classified Specialist, Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (SC), Pune 411 040
| | - Sarv Sarup
- Classified Specialist, Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (SC), Pune 411 040
| | - A P Singh
- Senior Adviser, Medicine and Neurology, Command Hospital (SC), Pune 411 040
| | - A K Sharma
- MCH Trainee in Neurosurgery, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411 040
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