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Mašlaňová I, Wertheimer Z, Sedláček I, Švec P, Indráková A, Kovařovic V, Schumann P, Spröer C, Králová S, Šedo O, Krištofová L, Vrbovská V, Füzik T, Petráš P, Zdráhal Z, Ružičková V, Doškař J, Pantuček R. Description and Comparative Genomics of Macrococcus caseolyticus subsp. hominis subsp. nov., Macrococcus goetzii sp. nov., Macrococcus epidermidis sp. nov., and Macrococcus bohemicus sp. nov., Novel Macrococci From Human Clinical Material With Virulence Potential and Suspected Uptake of Foreign DNA by Natural Transformation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1178. [PMID: 29951040 PMCID: PMC6008420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Macrococcus is a close relative of the genus Staphylococcus. Whilst staphylococci are widespread as human pathogens, macrococci have not yet been reported from human clinical specimens. Here we investigated Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci recovered from human clinical material and identified as Macrococcus sp. by a polyphasic taxonomic approach and by comparative genomics. Relevant phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic methods divided the analyzed strains into two separate clusters within the genus Macrococcus. Comparative genomics of four representative strains revealed enormous genome structural plasticity among the studied isolates. We hypothesize that high genomic variability is due to the presence of a com operon, which plays a key role in the natural transformation of bacilli and streptococci. The possible uptake of exogenous DNA by macrococci can contribute to a different mechanism of evolution from staphylococci, where phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer predominates. The described macrococcal genomes harbor novel plasmids, genomic islands and islets, as well as prophages. Capsule gene clusters, intracellular protease, and a fibronectin-binding protein enabling opportunistic pathogenesis were found in all four strains. Furthermore, the presence of a CRISPR-Cas system with 90 spacers in one of the sequenced genomes corresponds with the need to limit the burden of foreign DNA. The highly dynamic genomes could serve as a platform for the exchange of virulence and resistance factors, as was described for the methicillin resistance gene, which was found on the novel composite SCCmec-like element containing a unique mec gene complex that is considered to be one of the missing links in SCC evolution. The phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic results demonstrated that the analyzed strains represent one novel subspecies and three novel species of the genus Macrococcus, for which the names Macrococcus caseolyticus subsp. hominis subsp. nov. (type strain CCM 7927T = DSM 103682T), Macrococcus goetzii sp. nov. (type strain CCM 4927T = DSM 103683T), Macrococcus epidermidis sp. nov. (type strain CCM 7099T = DSM 103681T), and Macrococcus bohemicus sp. nov. (type strain CCM 7100T = DSM 103680T) are proposed. Moreover, a formal description of Macrococcus caseolyticus subsp. caseolyticus subsp. nov. and an emended description of the genus Macrococcus are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mašlaňová
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Wertheimer
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivo Sedláček
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Švec
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Adéla Indráková
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vojtěch Kovařovic
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Peter Schumann
- Leibniz Institute Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- Leibniz Institute Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen—German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stanislava Králová
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Šedo
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lucie Krištofová
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Vrbovská
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tibor Füzik
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Petráš
- Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vladislava Ružičková
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiří Doškař
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Roman Pantuček
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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