1
|
Abdellatef S, Fakhoury I, Al Haddad M, Jaafar L, Maalouf H, Hanna S, Khalil B, El Masri Z, Hodgson L, El-Sibai M. StarD13 negatively regulates invadopodia formation and invasion in high-grade serous (HGS) ovarian adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting Cdc42. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151197. [PMID: 34958986 PMCID: PMC8756770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2021.151197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis remains the main challenge to overcome for treating ovarian cancers. In this study, we investigate the potential role of the Cdc42 GAP StarD13 in the modulation of cell motility, invasion in ovarian cancer cells. StarD13 depletion does not affect the 2D motility of ovarian cancer cells. More importantly, StarD13 inhibits matrix degradation, invadopodia formation and cell invasion through the inhibition of Cdc42. StarD13 does not localize to mature TKS4-labeled invadopodia that possess matrix degradation ability, while a Cdc42 FRET biosensor, detects Cdc42 activation in these invadopodia. In fact, StarD13 localization and Cdc42 activation appear mutually exclusive in invadopodial structures. Finally, for the first time we uncover a potential role of Cdc42 in the direct recruitment of TKS4 to invadopodia. This study emphasizes the specific role of StarD13 as a narrow spatial regulator of Cdc42, inhibiting invasion, suggesting the suitability of StarD13 for targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Abdellatef
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle Fakhoury
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maria Al Haddad
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Leila Jaafar
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiba Maalouf
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samer Hanna
- Department of Pediatrics Hematology/Oncology division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bassem Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zeinab El Masri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon,Correspondence to: Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon. (M. El-Sibai)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jaafar L, Fakhoury I, Saab S, El-Hajjar L, Abou-Kheir W, El-Sibai M. StarD13 differentially regulates migration and invasion in prostate cancer cells. Hum Cell 2021; 34:607-623. [PMID: 33420961 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and one of the main leading causes of cancer deaths among men worldwide. Rapid uncontrolled growth and the ability to metastasize to other sites are key hallmarks in cancer development and progression. The Rho family of GTPases and its activators the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) are required for regulating cancer cell proliferation and migration. StarD13 is a GAP for Rho GTPases, specifically for RhoA and Cdc42. We have previously shown that StarD13 acts as a tumor suppressor in astrocytoma as well as breast and colorectal cancer. In this study, we performed a functional comparative analysis of StarD13 targets/and or interacting molecules to understand the general role that StarD13 plays in cancers. Our data highlight the importance of StarD13 in modulating several hallmarks of cancer. Findings from database mining and immunohistochemistry revealed that StarD13 is underexpressed in prostate cancers, in addition knocking down Stard13 increased cancer cell proliferation, consistent with its role as a tumor suppressor. Stard13 depletion, however, led to an increase in cell adhesion, which inhibited 2D cell migration. Most interestingly, StarD13 depletion increases invasion and matrix degradation, at least in part, through its regulation of Cdc42. Altogether, the data presented suggest that StarD13 acts as a tumor suppressor inhibiting prostate cancer cell invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jaafar
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, P.O. Box 13-5053, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle Fakhoury
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, P.O. Box 13-5053, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Saab
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, P.O. Box 13-5053, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Layal El-Hajjar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, P.O. Box 13-5053, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al Haddad M, El-Rif R, Hanna S, Jaafar L, Dennaoui R, Abdellatef S, Miskolci V, Cox D, Hodgson L, El-Sibai M. Differential regulation of rho GTPases during lung adenocarcinoma migration and invasion reveals a novel role of the tumor suppressor StarD13 in invadopodia regulation. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:144. [PMID: 32900380 PMCID: PMC7487901 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the second most commonly occurring cancer. The ability to metastasize and spread to distant locations renders the tumor more aggressive. Members of the Rho subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins (GTPases) play a central role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and in cancer cell migration and metastasis. In this study we investigated the role of the RhoA/Cdc42 GAP, StarD13, a previously described tumor suppressor, in malignancy, migration and invasion of the lung cancer cells A549. Methods We knocked down StarD13 expression in A549 lung cancer cells and tested the effect on cell migration and invadopodia formation using time lapse imaging and invasion assays. We also performed rescue experiments to determine the signaling pathways downstream of StarD13 and transfected the cells with FRET biosensors for RhoGTPases to identify the proteins involved in invadopodia formation. Results We observed a decrease in the level of expression of StarD13 in lung tumor tissues compared to normal lung tissues through immunohistochemistry. StarD13 also showed a lower expression in the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 compared to normal lung cells, WI38. In addition, the depletion of StarD13 increased cell proliferation and viability in WI38 and A549 cells, suggesting that StarD13 might potentially be a tumor suppressor in lung cancer. The depletion of StarD13, however, inhibited cell motility, conversely demonstrating a positive regulatory role in cell migration. This was potentially due to the constitutive activation of RhoA detected by pull down and FRET assays. Surprisingly, StarD13 suppressed cell invasion by inhibiting Cdc42-mediated invadopodia formation. Indeed, TKS4 staining and invadopodia assay revealed that StarD13 depletion increased Cdc42 activation as well as invadopodia formation and matrix degradation. Normal lung cells depleted of StarD13 also produced invadopodia, otherwise a unique hallmark of invasive cancer cells. Cdc42 knock down mimicked the effects of StarD13, while overexpression of a constitutively active Cdc42 mimicked the effects of its depletion. Finally, immunostaining and FRET analysis revealed the absence of StarD13 in invadopodia as compared to Cdc42, which was activated in invadopodia at the sites of matrix degradation. Conclusion In conclusion, StarD13 plays distinct roles in lung cancer cell migration and invasion through its differential regulation of Rho GTPases. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Al Haddad
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Rayane El-Rif
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Samer Hanna
- Department of Pediatrics HemeOnc division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Leila Jaafar
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Rayanne Dennaoui
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Abdellatef
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Veronika Miskolci
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
StarD13 is a tumor suppressor and a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Rho GTPases. Thus, StarD13 regulates cell survival pathways and induces apoptosis in a p53-dependent and independent manners. In tumors, StarD13 is either downregulated or completely inhibited, depending on the tumor type. As such, and through the dysregulation of Rho GTPases, this affects adhesion dynamics, actin dynamics, and leads to an increase or a decrease in tumor metastasis depending on the tumor grade and type. Being a key regulatory protein, StarD13 is a potential promising candidate for therapeutic approaches. This paper reviews the key characteristics of this protein and its role in tumor malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jaafar
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, P.O. Box 13-5053, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zeinab Chamseddine
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, P.O. Box 13-5053, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, P.O. Box 13-5053, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen L, Hu W, Li G, Guo Y, Wan Z, Yu J. Inhibition of miR-9-5p suppresses prostate cancer progress by targeting StarD13. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2019; 24:20. [PMID: 30899277 PMCID: PMC6408831 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-019-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the effects of inhibiting microRNA-9-5p (miR-9-5p) on the expression of StAR-related lipid transfer domain containing 13 (StarD13) and the progress of prostate cancer. Methods The mRNA expression levels of miR-9-5p and StarD13 were determined in several prostate cancer cell lines. We chose DU145 and PC-3 cells for further research. The CCK8 assay was used to measure the cell viability. The cell invasion and wound-healing assays were respectively applied to evaluate invasion and migration. The expression of E-cadherin (E-cad), N-cadherin (N-cad) and vimentin were measured via western blot. DU145 and PC-3 cells overexpressing StarD13 were generated to investigate the variation in proliferation, invasion and migration. A luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the target of miR-9-5p. Results Our results show that miR-9-5p was highly expressed and StarD13 was suppressed in prostate cancer cells. MiR-9-5p inhibition repressed the cells’ viability, invasion and migration. It also increased the expression of E-cad and decreased that of N-cad and vimentin. StarD13 overexpression gave the same results as silencing of miR-9-5p: suppression of cell proliferation, invasion and migration. The bioinformatics analysis predicted StarD13 as a target gene of miR-9-5p. Quantitative RT-PCR, western blot analysis and the dual-luciferase reporter assay were employed to confirm the prediction. Conclusion Our results show that miR-9-5p plays a powerful role in the growth, invasion, migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of prostate cancer cells by regulating StarD13. A therapeutic agent inhibiting miR-9-5p could act as a tumor suppressor for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, 430014 China
| | - Weifeng Hu
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, 430014 China
| | - Guohao Li
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, 430014 China
| | - Yonglian Guo
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, 430014 China
| | - Zhihua Wan
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, 430014 China
| | - Jiajun Yu
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, 430014 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng L, Li X, Chou J, Xiang C, Guo Q, Zhang Z, Guo X, Gao L, Xing Y, Xi T. StarD13 3'-untranslated region functions as a ceRNA for TP53INP1 in prohibiting migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by regulating miR-125b activity. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 97:23-31. [PMID: 29146309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive endogenous messenger RNA (ceRNA) affects transcription of other RNA molecules by competitively binding common microRNAs. Previous studies have shown that TP53INP1 functions as a suppressor in tumor metastasis. Our study elucidated StarD13 messenger RNA as a ceRNA in regulating migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. MicroRNA-125b was identified to induce metastasis of MCF-7 cells and bind with both StarD13 3'UTR and TP53INP1 3'UTR. Therefore, a ceRNA interaction between StarD13 and TP53INP1 mediated by competitively binding to miR-125b was indicated. Importantly, a microRNA-125b binding site at 4546-4560 nt on StarD13 was verified more vital for this ceRNA interaction. Indirectly regulation of SPARC in inducing metastasis of breast cancer cells by StarD13 via competitively binding with TP53INP1 was further confirmed. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a ceRNA regulatory network which could give a better understanding of metastatic mechanisms of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinjiang Chou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chenxi Xiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhiting Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinwei Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lanlan Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yingying Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tao Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khalil BD, Hanna S, Saykali BA, El-Sitt S, Nasrallah A, Marston D, El-Sabban M, Hahn KM, Symons M, El-Sibai M. The regulation of RhoA at focal adhesions by StarD13 is important for astrocytoma cell motility. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:109-22. [PMID: 24333506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant astrocytomas are highly invasive into adjacent and distant regions of the normal brain. Rho GTPases are small monomeric G proteins that play important roles in cytoskeleton rearrangement, cell motility, and tumor invasion. In the present study, we show that the knock down of StarD13, a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for RhoA and Cdc42, inhibits astrocytoma cell migration through modulating focal adhesion dynamics and cell adhesion. This effect is mediated by the resulting constitutive activation of RhoA and the subsequent indirect inhibition of Rac. Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF)-based Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), we show that RhoA activity localizes with focal adhesions at the basal surface of astrocytoma cells. Moreover, the knock down of StarD13 inhibits the cycling of RhoA activation at the rear edge of cells, which makes them defective in retracting their tail. This study highlights the importance of the regulation of RhoA activity in focal adhesions of astrocytoma cells and establishes StarD13 as a GAP playing a major role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bassem D Khalil
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Samer Hanna
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Bechara A Saykali
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Sally El-Sitt
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Anita Nasrallah
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Daniel Marston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB7365, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB7365, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Marc Symons
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|