1
|
Lizano AMD, Kim KM, Juinio-Meñez MA, Ravago-Gotanco R. Pseudocryptic diversity and species boundaries in the sea cucumber Stichopus cf. horrens (Echinodermata: Stichopodidae) revealed by mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4886. [PMID: 38418859 PMCID: PMC10901784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54987-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Morphologically cryptic and pseudo-cryptic species pose a challenge to taxonomic identification and assessments of species diversity and distributions. Such is the case for the sea cucumber Stichopus horrens, commonly confused with Stichopus monotuberculatus. Here, we used mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and microsatellite markers to examine genetic diversity in Stichopus cf. horrens throughout the Philippine archipelago, to aid species identification and clarify species boundaries. Phylogenetic analysis reveals two recently diverged COI lineages (Clade A and Clade B; c. 1.35-2.54 Mya) corresponding to sequence records for specimens identified as S. monotuberculatus and S. horrens, respectively. Microsatellite markers reveal two significantly differentiated genotype clusters broadly concordant with COI lineages (Cluster 1, Cluster 2). A small proportion of individuals were identified as later-generation hybrids indicating limited contemporary gene flow between genotype clusters, thus confirming species boundaries. Morphological differences in papillae distribution and form are observed for the two species, however tack-like spicules from the dorsal papillae are not a reliable diagnostic character. An additional putative cryptic species was detected within Clade B-Cluster 2 specimens warranting further examination. We propose that these lineages revealed by COI and genotype data be referred to as Stichopus cf. horrens species complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apollo Marco D Lizano
- Faculty of Biosciences & Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, 1101, Diliman Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Kenneth M Kim
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, 1101, Diliman Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Rachel Ravago-Gotanco
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, 1101, Diliman Quezon City, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vien LT, Hoang L, Hanh TTH, Thanh NV, Cuong NX, Nam NH, Thung DC, Kiem PV, Minh CV. Triterpene tetraglycosides from the sea cucumber Stichopus horrens. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1039-1043. [PMID: 28934865 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1378206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using various chromatographic separations, three triterpene tetraglycosides (1-3), including one new compound, namely stichorrenoside E (1) along with thelenotoside B (2) and deacetyl thelenotoside B (3), were isolated from the MeOH extract of the Vietnamese sea cucumber Stichopus horrens. Their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic experiments, such as 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. Deacetylated thelenotoside B (3) is firstly isolated as a natural product. Among these compounds, thelenotoside B (2) showed strong cytotoxicities against five human cancer cell lines as HepG2, KB, LNCaP, MCF7 and SK-Mel2 with the IC50 values from 0.95 ± 0.08 to 1.90 ± 0.13 μM, whereas stichorrenoside E (1) and deacetyl thelenotoside B (3) exhibited significant activities with the IC50 values from 6.87 ± 0.25 to 11.62 ± 1.05 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Vien
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC) , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Le Hoang
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC) , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam.,b Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Hong Hanh
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC) , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Thanh
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC) , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Cuong
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC) , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam.,b Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nam
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC) , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Do Cong Thung
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC) , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam.,c Institute of Marine Environment and Resources (IMER) , VAST , Haiphong , Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC) , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Chau Van Minh
- a Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC) , Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cuong NX, Vien LT, Hoang L, Hanh TTH, Thao DT, Thanh NV, Nam NH, Thung DC, Kiem PV, Minh CV. Cytotoxic triterpene diglycosides from the sea cucumber Stichopus horrens. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2939-2942. [PMID: 28512032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Using various chromatographic separation techniques, eight triterpene diglycosides (1-8), including four new compounds namely stichorrenosides A-D (1-4), were isolated from a methanol extract of the Vietnamese sea cucumber S. horrens. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses, including HR ESI MS, 1D and 2D NMR. Their in vitro cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines, Hep-G2 (hepatoma cancer), KB (epidermoid carcinoma), LNCaP (prostate cancer), MCF7 (breast cancer), and SK-Mel2 (melanoma), was evaluated using SRB methods. Stichorrenoside D (4), stichoposide A (5), and 3β-O-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-xylopyranosyl]-23S-acetoxyholost-7-ene (7) showed strong cytotoxicity on all five tested cancer cell lines, whereas significant effect was observed for stichorrenoside C (3) and stichoposide B (6).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Xuan Cuong
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Thi Vien
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Hoang
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Thi Hong Hanh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Do Thi Thao
- Institute of Biotechnology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Van Thanh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nam
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Do Cong Thung
- Institute of Marine Environment and Resources (IMER), VAST, 246 Da Nang, Haiphong, Viet Nam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Chau Van Minh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|