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Abdullah AA, Ahmed M, Oladokun A. Characterization and risk factors for unexplained female infertility in Sudan: A case-control study. World J Methodol 2023; 13:98-117. [PMID: 37456975 PMCID: PMC10348085 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female infertility with unknown causes (unexplained) remains one of the mysteries in the reproductive health field, where the diagnostic evidence is still weak and the proposed treatments still work with unknown methods. However, several studies have proposed some possible causes and risk factors for unexplained female infertility.
AIM To characterize and identify factors associated with unexplained infertility in Sudanese women.
METHODS A matched (age and body mass index) case-control study was conducted from March 2021 to February 2022. The study samples were 210 women with unexplained infertility (UI) and 190 fertile women of reproductive age who were attending the maternity hospitals and fertility clinics in Khartoum, Sudan. The risk factors of unexplained infertility were identified using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire containing information on socio-demographic variables, anthropometrics, clinical diagnosis of infertility, behavioral factors, physical activity assessment, diversity, and consumption of different food groups by the study participants.
RESULTS The results showed a higher proportion of women diagnosed with UI were residents of rural areas than controls (21.4% vs 11.1%, P < 0.05), and previous miscarriages and/or abortions were more common in fertile women compared with infertile women (13.16% vs 5.71%, P < 0.05). Additionally, infertile women had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher proportion of family history of infertility (explained and unexplained) compared with controls. Finally, after controlling for the effects of potentially confounding variables using multivariable logistic regression analysis, only marital status, family history of infertility, use of modern contraceptives, smoking, caffeine consumption, physical activity level, meals consumed, other vitamin-A-rich fruits and vegetables, and other vegetables were found to be significant (P < 0.05) factors associated with unexplained infertility among Sudanese women.
CONCLUSION Married women with a family history of infertility who smoke and consume a high amount of caffeine, who live a sedentary lifestyle, and who consume more than two meals free of vitamin-A-rich fruits and/or vegetables and/or other vegetables per day are at the highest risk of developing unexplained infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Abdulslam Abdullah
- Reproductive Health Sciences Program, Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo state, Nigeria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo state, Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif, Al-Gadarif 32211, Sudan
| | - Musa Ahmed
- Reproductive Health Sciences Program, Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo state, Nigeria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo state, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Salam University, Al-fula 120, West Kordofan, Sudan
| | - Adesina Oladokun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo state, Nigeria
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Abdulslam Abdullah A, Ahmed M, Oladokun A, Ibrahim NA, Adam SN. Serum leptin level in Sudanese women with unexplained infertility and its relationship with some reproductive hormones. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:83-94. [PMID: 36482982 PMCID: PMC9724080 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i5.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excessive concentration of leptin has negative effects on all aspects of female reproduction. Despite this established relationship, the exact role of leptin in women’s fertility is not clear enough and needs more clarification.
AIM To evaluate the serum leptin levels in Sudanese women and to ascertain the relationship between serum leptin levels and unexplained infertility (UI).
METHODS A matched (age and body mass index) case-control study was conducted from March 2021 to February 2022. The study samples were 210 women with UI and 190 fertile women of reproductive age who were attending the maternity hospitals and fertility clinics in Khartoum state Sudan. The serum concentration of leptin and other serum biomarkers were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
RESULTS The results showed that there was a highly statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001) for all examined eight biomarkers. Whereby, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio, prolactin hormone (PRL) and testosterone (T) were significantly higher in the UI group compared with the control group. In contrast, FSH and estradiol (E2)/T ratio were significantly lower in the UI group than in the control group and the effect size test for the difference between the two groups was very large (effect size > 0.80), for leptin level, LH/FSH ratio, PRL level, and E2/T ratio, and large (effect size 0.50- ≤ 0.80) for FSH and T.
CONCLUSION This study reveals that leptin could be a potential biomarker for UI in Sudanese women and it may be useful for identifying women with a high risk of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Abdulslam Abdullah
- Department of Reproductive Health Sciences, Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif, Gadarif 208, Sudan
| | - Musa Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Reproductive Health Sciences, Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Salam University, Al-fula 120, West Kordofan, Sudan
| | - Adesina Oladokun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 119, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Nasir Adam Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-butana, Ruffaa 210, Sudan
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Salih MM, Higgo AA, Khalifa AS, Eed EM. Incidence of Epstein-Barr Virus Among Women With Breast Cancer Using Monoclonal Antibodies for Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1). In Vivo 2022; 36:1513-1518. [PMID: 35478129 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Breast cancer is a common type of cancer in Sudan. Numerous studies propose viral oncogenesis as an etiological factor for breast cancer. The aim of the study was to analyze the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) using monoclonal antibodies against latent membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and determine the correlation between the presence of EBV and clinicopathological characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study used immunohistochemistry to analyze the presence of EBV in 202 samples from Sudanese women diagnosed with breast cancer. Clinicopathological data were collected from patient records from the Radiation and Isotopes Centre in Khartoum State, Republic of Sudan. RESULTS This study included 202 patients 168 (83.2%), 16 (7.9%), and 18 (8.9%), diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, and papillary carcinoma, respectively. Axillary lymph node metastasis was present in 57 (28.2%) of cases, while 11 patients (5.4%) tested positive for EBV. The mean age of patients was 48.14±14.4 years. EBV infection was more frequently detected in invasive ductal carcinoma cases, and EBV positivity was not associated with cancer type, grade, progesterone levels, and HER2 expression. On the other hand, a statistically significant association was found between EBV presence and lymph node involvement, estrogen receptor status, and age group. CONCLUSION EBV may not play a vital role in the pathogenesis of breast carcinoma in Sudanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdi M Salih
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amjed A Higgo
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Histopathology Department, Al Neelain University, Coralville, IA, U.S.A
| | - Amany S Khalifa
- Clinical Pathology and Pharmaceutic Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad M Eed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Salih MM, Higgo AA, Eed EM. Prognostic Significance of p16 Protein Expression in Breast Cancer. In Vivo 2022; 36:336-340. [PMID: 34972731 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Sudan. The p16 protein plays a vital role in the regulation of the cell cycle. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study analysed the protein expression of p16 in 202 paraffin blocks from Sudanese women with breast cancer using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS This study included 168 (83.2%), 16 (7.9%), and 18 (8.9%) patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, and papillary carcinoma, respectively. There were 95 cases (47.0%) with grade III, 70 cases (34.6%) with grade II, and 23 cases (11.4%) with grade I breast cancer. The hormone receptor status was available for 119 of the cases, and 31 (15.3%), 25 (12.4%), and 63 (31.2%) cases were positive for oestrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, respectively. CONCLUSION p16 protein expression was associated with high histologic grade, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis. p16 protein expression may potentially be used as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdi M Salih
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amjed A Higgo
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Histopathology Department, Al Neelain University, Coralville, IA, U.S.A
| | - Emad M Eed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Tola H, Abbas M, Alhassan EA, Shrif NE, Rida M. Assessment of the Role of the Anti-Mullerian Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone/Follicle Stimulating Hormone Ratio in the Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Sudanese Women. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1244-1247. [PMID: 30087729 PMCID: PMC6062285 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is not an easy procedure, as the signs and symptoms are heterogeneous and of undefined aetiology. AIM This study is aimed to evaluate serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) level and luteinizing hormone (LH)/folic stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio in women with PCOS in Sudan and to assess the diagnostic efficiency for the diagnosis of PCOS. METHODS In a case-control study, Serum AMH, LH, FSH was measured in the early follicular phase from Sudanese patients (N = 230) with PCOS and100 controls. The LH/FSH ratio was calculated, and its diagnostic power was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS The means of serum AMH, serum LH level and LH/FSH ratio of the test, were significantly increased in the test group compared to the control group (P-value < 0.000). The AMH sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) were found to be 83%, 99%, 99%, and 72% respectively. Serum AMH was considered adequate measures for the diagnosis of PCOS; its level showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.98 (95% confidence, P-value < 0.000). The best compromise between 98% specificity and 90% sensitivity was obtained with a cut-off value of 3.3 ng/mL for PCOS diagnosis. There was no correlation between age, body mass index (BMI) and AMH level in the test group. CONCLUSIONS The Serum AMH level and LH/FSH ratio were higher in patients than in control. However AMH level has better discriminative power and good diagnostic potency for the diagnosis of the PCOS among Sudanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafza Tola
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Alzaim Alazhari University, Sudan
| | - Mohammed Abbas
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Allied Health Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | | | - Nassr Eldin Shrif
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Alzaim Alazhari University, Sudan
| | - Mohammed Rida
- Dr. Elsir Abu Alhassan Fertility Center, Khartoum, Sudan
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