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Guo Z, Yu Y, Li C, Campos Dos Santos E, Wang T, Li H, Xu J, Liu C, Li H. Deciphering Structure-Activity Relationship Towards CO 2 Electroreduction over SnO 2 by A Standard Research Paradigm. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319913. [PMID: 38284290 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Authentic surface structures under reaction conditions determine the activity and selectivity of electrocatalysts, therefore, the knowledge of the structure-activity relationship can facilitate the design of efficient catalyst structures for specific reactivity requirements. However, understanding the relationship between a more realistic active surface and its performance is challenging due to the complicated interface microenvironment in electrocatalysis. Herein, we proposed a standard research paradigm to effectively decipher the structure-activity relationship in electrocatalysis, which is exemplified in the CO2 electroreduction over SnO2 . The proposed practice has aided in discovering authentic/resting surface states (Sn layer) of SnO2 accountable for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) performance under electrocatalytic conditions, which then is corroborated in the subsequent CO2 RR experiments over SnO2 with different morphologies (nanorods, nanoparticles, and nanosheets) in combination with in situ characterizations. This proposed methodology is further extended to the SnO electrocatalysts, providing helpful insights into catalytic structures. It is believed that our proposed standard research paradigm is also applicable to other electrocatalytic systems, in the meantime, decreases the discrepancy between theory and experiments, and accelerates the design of catalyst structures that achieve sustainable performance for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Guo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yihong Yu
- Key Lab for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Egon Campos Dos Santos
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Huihui Li
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuangwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hao Li
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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Zhang Y, Yu Z, She F, Wei L, Zeng Z, Li H. Design of molecular MNC dual-atom catalysts for nitrogen reduction starting from surface state analysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:983-9. [PMID: 36913836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Under electrocatalytic conditions, the state of a catalyst surface (e.g., adsorbate coverage) can be very different from a pristine form due to the existing conversion equilibrium between water and H- and O-containing adsorbates. Dismissing the analysis of the catalyst surface state under operating conditionsmay lead to misleading guidelines for experiments. Given that confirming the actual active site of the catalyst under operating conditions is indispensable to providing practical guidance for experiments, herein, we analyzed the relations between the Gibbs free energy and the potential of a new type of molecular metal-nitrogen-carbon (MNC) dual-atom catalysts (DACs) with a unique 5 N-coordination environment, by spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) and surface Pourbaix diagram calculations. Analyzing the derived surface Pourbaix diagrams, we screened out three catalysts, N3-Ni-Ni-N2, N3-Co-Ni-N2, and N3-Ni-Co-N2, to further study the activity of nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). The results display that N3-Co-Ni-N2 is a promising NRR catalyst with a relatively low ΔG of 0.49 eV and slow kinetics of the competing hydrogen evolution. This work proposes a new strategy to guide DAC experiments more precisely: the analysis of the surface occupancy state of the catalysts under electrochemical conditions should be performed before activity analysis.
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Abraham JE, Balachandran M. Fluorescent Mechanism in Zero-Dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials: A Review. J Fluoresc 2022. [PMID: 35303239 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have acquired growing interest from different areas over decades. Their fascinating property of tunable fluorescence by changing the excitation wavelength has attracted researchers worldwide. Understanding the mechanisms behind fluorescence is of great importance, as they help with the synthesis and applications, significantly when narrowed down to applications with color-tunable mechanisms. But, due to a lack of practical and theoretical information, the fluorescence mechanisms of CDs remain unknown, preventing the production of CDs with desired optical qualities. This review focuses on the PL mechanisms of carbon dots. The quantum confinement effect determined the carbon core, the surface and edge states determined by various surface defects and the connected functional/chemical groups on the surface/edges, the molecular state solely determined the fluorophores in the interior or surface of the CDs, and the Crosslink Enhanced Emission Effect are the currently confirmed PL mechanisms.
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Leng P, Chen F, Cao X, Wang Y, Huang C, Sun X, Yang Y, Zhou J, Xie X, Li Z, Zhang E, Ai L, Yang Y, Xiu F. Gate-Tunable Surface States in Topological Insulator β-Ag 2Te with High Mobility. Nano Lett 2020; 20:7004-7010. [PMID: 32897723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated by novel properties in topological insulators, experimentally realizing quantum phases of matter and employing control over their properties have become a central goal in condensed matter physics. β-silver telluride (Ag2Te) is predicted to be a new type narrow-gap topological insulator. While enormous efforts have been plunged into the topological nature in silver chalcogenides, sophisticated research on low-dimensional nanostructures remains unexplored. Here, we report the record-high bulk carrier mobility of 298 600 cm2/(V s) in high-quality Ag2Te nanoplates and the coexistence of the surface and bulk state from systematic Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations measurements. By tuning the correlation between the top and bottom surfaces, we can effectively enhance the contribution of the surface to the total conductance up to 87% at 130 V. These results are instrumental to the high-mobility physics study and even suitable to explore exotic topological phenomena in this material system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengliang Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fangting Chen
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ce Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuandong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaozhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Enze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Linfeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Faxian Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
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Wang X, Ding G, Cheng Z, Surucu G, Wang XL, Yang T. Rich topological nodal line bulk states together with drum-head-like surface states in NaAlGe with anti-PbFCl type structure. J Adv Res 2020; 23:95-100. [PMID: 32257430 PMCID: PMC7109329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The band topology in condensed matter has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Due to the band inversion, topological nodal line semimetals (TNLSs) have band crossing points (BCPs) around the Fermi level, forming a nodal line. In this work, by means of first-principles, we observe that the synthesized NaAlGe intermetallic compound with anti-PbFCl type structure is a TNLS with four NLs in the kz = 0 and kz = π planes. All these NLs in NaAlGe exist around the Fermi level, and what is more, these NLs do not overlap with other bands. The exotic drum-head-like surface states can be clearly observed, and therefore, the surface characteristics of NaAlGe may more easily be detected by experiments. Biaxial strain has been explored for this system, and our results show that rich TNL states can be induced. Furthermore, the spin-orbit coupling effect has little effect on the band structure of NaAlGe. It is hoped that this unique band structure can soon be examined by experimental work and that its novel topological elements can be fully explored for electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
| | - Guangqian Ding
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Zhenxiang Cheng
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
| | - Gokhan Surucu
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, Turkey.,Department of Electric and Energy, Ahi Evran University, Turkey
| | - Xiao-Lin Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Tie Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Wang X, Ding G, Cheng Z, Surucu G, Wang XL, Yang T. Novel topological nodal lines and exotic drum-head-like surface states in synthesized CsCl-type binary alloy TiOs. J Adv Res 2020; 22:137-144. [PMID: 31956448 PMCID: PMC6961224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Very recently, searching for new topological nodal line semimetals (TNLSs) and drum-head-like (DHL) surface states has become a hot topic in the field of physical chemistry of materials. Via first principles, in this study, a synthesized CsCl type binary alloy, TiOs, was predicted to be a TNLS with three topological nodal lines (TNLs) centered at the X point in the kx/y/z = π plane, and these TNLs, which are protected by mirror, time reversal (T) and spatial inversion (P) symmetries, are perpendicular to one another. The exotic drum-head-like (DHL) surface states can be clearly observed inside and outside the crossing points (CPs) in the bulk system. The CPs, TNLs, and DHL surface states of TiOs are very robust under the influences of uniform strain, electron doping, and hole doping. Spin-orbit coupling (SOC)-induced gaps can be found in this TiOs system when the SOC is taken into consideration. When the SOC is involved, surface Dirac cones can be found in this system, indicating that the topological properties are still maintained. Similar to TiOs, ZrOs and HfOs alloys are TNLSs under the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof method. The CPs and the TNLs in both alloys disappear, however, under the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof method. It is hoped that the DHL surface property in TiOs can be detected by surface sensitive probes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
| | - Guangqian Ding
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Zhenxiang Cheng
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
| | - Gokhan Surucu
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
- Department of Electric and Energy, Ahi Evran University, Turkey
| | - Xiao-Lin Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- ARC centre of Excellence in Future Low Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Tie Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Mizzi CA, Koirala P, Gulec A, Marks LD. Charging ain't all bad: Complex physics in DyScO 3. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 203:119-24. [PMID: 30554733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although charging is ubiquitous in electron microscopy, its effects are typically avoided or ignored. However, avoiding charging is not possible in some materials, e.g. lanthanide scandates with well-ordered surfaces positively charge immensely under electron beam illumination because of their electronic structure, and ignoring charging can leave new science undiscovered. In this work, a combination of rapidly acquired electron energy loss spectra and cross-correlation were used to understand and overcome charging effects in DyScO3. A 5.4 eV band gap was extracted from the charging-corrected loss spectrum, in good agreement with previously reported band gaps, and a 3.8 eV in-gap peak was attributed to surface states via comparison with density functional theory calculations. Additionally, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicated that under some conditions well-annealed DyScO3 surfaces charge negatively causing upward band bending associated with occupied surface states in the gap. As was previously found in the case of positive charging under electron beam illumination with in-situ flexoelectric bending observations, the magnitude of negative charging under ultraviolet illumination is Zener tunneling limited in well-annealed DyScO3.
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Wei X, Mei S, Yang D, Zhang G, Xie F, Zhang W, Guo R. Surface States Induced Photoluminescence Enhancement of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Via Post-Treatments. Nanoscale Res Lett 2019; 14:172. [PMID: 31127418 PMCID: PMC6534678 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The tunable photoluminescence (PL) of nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) has attracted much attention in recent years while the specific mechanism is still in dispute. Herein, NCDs with yellow emission were successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal approach. Three kinds of post-treatment routes were investigated to verify the influence of surface states on the PL emission of NCDs including solvent-dependent, reduced-reaction and metal-enhanced effect. The interaction mechanism was studied by absorption spectrum, structural characterizations, steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. When dispersed in different solvents, the as-prepared NCDs show tunable emission and PL enhancement attributed to hydrogen bonding between solvents and NCDs. Besides, the addition of NaBH4 can induce the reduction of the C=O bonds existing in original NCDs to C-O bonds and thus result in the enhancement of the intrinsic (n-π*) emission. Moreover, metal-enhanced fluorescence of NCDs can also be observed when adding Ag+ into initial NCD solution, which might be ascribed to aggregation-induced emission enhancement. These results for post-treated NCDs demonstrate that surface functional groups are responsible for PL emission and provide new possibilities like multi-image sensing and lighting application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education; Institute for Electric Light Sources, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Shiliang Mei
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education; Institute for Electric Light Sources, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Dan Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education; Institute for Electric Light Sources, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Guilin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education; Institute for Electric Light Sources, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Fengxian Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education; Institute for Electric Light Sources, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Wanlu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education; Institute for Electric Light Sources, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Ruiqian Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Lighting Technology, Ministry of Education; Institute for Electric Light Sources, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
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Bel Haj Mohamed N, Haouari M, Zaaboub Z, Nafoutti M, Hassen F, Maaref H, Ben Ouada H. Time resolved and temperature dependence of the radiative properties of thiol-capped CdS nanoparticles films. J Nanopart Res 2014; 16:2242. [PMID: 24563613 PMCID: PMC3925497 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-013-2242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the temperature-dependence and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) of CdS nanoparticles capped independently with three different ligands thiophenol, thioglycerol, and l-cysteine over a broad temperature range from 10 to 300 K. The respective nanoparticles sizes in the three systems studied in this work are 1.5, 4, and 2 nm as determined from X-ray diffraction (XRD). From the analysis of AFM images, it was found that the lateral particle sizes of capped CdS nanoparticles are greater than those deduced from XRD or optical absorption measurements. The aim of this study is the investigation of the impact of the organic ligands on the radiative recombination dynamics in organically capped CdS nanoparticles. From the PL study and based on the temperature-dependence and time-resolved emission spectroscopy, we conclude that the emission of CdS QDs film originates from recombination of the delocalized carriers in the internal core states with a small contribution of the localized carriers at the interface. The PL decay reveals a biexponential behavior for the entire three samples at all temperatures. One of the two exponential components decays rapidly with a time τ1 in the range 0.5-0.8 ns, whereas the other decays much more slowly, with a time τ2 in the range 1-3 ns. The weak activation energy (32-37 meV) deduced from the temperature dependence of the PL intensity suggests the involvement of shallow traps. The analysis of the experimental results reveals a relatively narrow size distribution, an efficient surface passivation, and a satisfactory thermal stability of CdS nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bel Haj Mohamed
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et des Matériaux avancés (LIMA), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université Monastir, Avenue de l’environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - M. Haouari
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et des Matériaux avancés (LIMA), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université Monastir, Avenue de l’environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Z. Zaaboub
- Laboratoire de Micro-Optoélectronique et Nanostructures (LMON), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université Monastir, Avenue de l’environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - M. Nafoutti
- Laboratoire de Micro-Optoélectronique et Nanostructures (LMON), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université Monastir, Avenue de l’environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - F. Hassen
- Laboratoire de Micro-Optoélectronique et Nanostructures (LMON), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université Monastir, Avenue de l’environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - H. Maaref
- Laboratoire de Micro-Optoélectronique et Nanostructures (LMON), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université Monastir, Avenue de l’environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - H. Ben Ouada
- Laboratoire des Interfaces et des Matériaux avancés (LIMA), Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Université Monastir, Avenue de l’environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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