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Sato Y, Fu Y, Liu H, Lee MY, Shaw MH. Tumor-immune profiling of CT-26 and Colon 26 syngeneic mouse models reveals mechanism of anti-PD-1 response. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1222. [PMID: 34774008 PMCID: PMC8590766 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have changed the paradigm of cancer therapies. However, anti-tumor response of the ICB is insufficient for many patients and limited to specific tumor types. Despite many preclinical and clinical studies to understand the mechanism of anti-tumor efficacy of ICB, the mechanism is not completely understood. Harnessing preclinical tumor models is one way to understand the mechanism of treatment response. METHODS In order to delineate the mechanisms of anti-tumor activity of ICB in preclinical syngeneic tumor models, we selected two syngeneic murine colorectal cancer models based on in vivo screening for sensitivity with anti-PD-1 therapy. We performed tumor-immune profiling of the two models to identify the potential mechanism for anti-PD-1 response. RESULTS We performed in vivo screening for anti-PD-1 therapy across 23 syngeneic tumor models and found that CT-26 and Colon 26, which are murine colorectal carcinoma derived from BALB/c mice, showed different sensitivity to anti-PD-1. CT-26 tumor mice were more sensitive to the anti-PD-1 antibody than Colon 26, while both models show similarly sensitivity to anti-CTLA4 antibody. Immune-profiling showed that CT-26 tumor tissue was infiltrated with more immune cells than Colon 26. Genomic/transcriptomic analyses highlighted thatWnt pathway was one of the potential differences between CT-26 and Colon 26, showing Wnt activity was higher in Colon 26 than CT-26. . CONCLUSIONS CT-26 and Colon 26 syngeneic tumor models showed different sensitivity to anti-PD-1 therapy, although both tumor cells are murine colorectal carcinoma cell lines from BALB/c strain. By characterizing the mouse cells lines and tumor-immune context in the tumor tissues with comprehensive analysis approaches, we found that CT-26 showed "hot tumor" profile with more infiltrated immune cells than Colon 26. Further pathway analyses enable us to propose a hypothesis that Wnt pathway could be one of the major factors to differentiate CT-26 from Colon 26 model and link to anti-PD-1 response. Our approach to focus on preclinical tumor models with similar genetic background but different sensitivity to anti-PD-1 therapy would contribute to illustrating the potential mechanism of anti-PD-1 response and to generating a novel concept to synergize current anti-PD-1 therapies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sato
- Immuno-oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Yu Fu
- Immuno-oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Guardant Health, 720 3rd Ave Suite 2100, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Immuno-oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Checkmate Pharmaceuticals, 245 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Min Young Lee
- Immuno-oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael H Shaw
- Immuno-oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 40 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Zhong W, Myers JS, Wang F, Wang K, Lucas J, Rosfjord E, Lucas J, Hooper AT, Yang S, Lemon LA, Guffroy M, May C, Bienkowska JR, Rejto PA. Comparison of the molecular and cellular phenotypes of common mouse syngeneic models with human tumors. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:2. [PMID: 31898484 PMCID: PMC6941261 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrates that reactivation of the human immune system delivers durable responses for some patients and represents an exciting approach for cancer treatment. An important class of preclinical in vivo models for immuno-oncology is immunocompetent mice bearing mouse syngeneic tumors. To facilitate translation of preclinical studies into human, we characterized the genomic, transcriptomic, and protein expression of a panel of ten commonly used mouse tumor cell lines grown in vitro culture as well as in vivo tumors. RESULTS Our studies identified a number of genetic and cellular phenotypic differences that distinguish commonly used mouse syngeneic models in our study from human cancers. Only a fraction of the somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in these common mouse cell lines directly match SNVs in human actionable cancer genes. Some models derived from epithelial tumors have a more mesenchymal phenotype with relatively low T-lymphocyte infiltration compared to the corresponding human cancers. CT26, a colon tumor model, had the highest immunogenicity and was the model most responsive to CTLA4 inhibitor treatment, by contrast to the relatively low immunogenicity and response rate to checkpoint inhibitor therapies in human colon cancers. CONCLUSIONS The relative immunogenicity of these ten syngeneic tumors does not resemble typical human tumors derived from the same tissue of origin. By characterizing the mouse syngeneic models and comparing with their human tumor counterparts, this study contributes to a framework that may help investigators select the model most relevant to study a particular immune-oncology mechanism, and may rationalize some of the challenges associated with translating preclinical findings to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Zhong
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA.
| | - Jeremy S Myers
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Justin Lucas
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Edward Rosfjord
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Judy Lucas
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Andrea T Hooper
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Sharon Yang
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Lu Anna Lemon
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Magali Guffroy
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Chad May
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, New York, Pearl River, 10965, USA
| | - Jadwiga R Bienkowska
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Paul A Rejto
- Oncology Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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Guo S, Jiang X, Mao B, Li QX. The design, analysis and application of mouse clinical trials in oncology drug development. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:718. [PMID: 31331301 PMCID: PMC6643318 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse clinical trials (MCTs) are becoming wildly used in pre-clinical oncology drug development, but a statistical framework is yet to be developed. In this study, we establish such as framework and provide general guidelines on the design, analysis and application of MCTs. Methods We systematically analyzed tumor growth data from a large collection of PDX, CDX and syngeneic mouse tumor models to evaluate multiple efficacy end points, and to introduce statistical methods for modeling MCTs. Results We established empirical quantitative relationships between mouse number and measurement accuracy for categorical and continuous efficacy endpoints, and showed that more mice are needed to achieve given accuracy for syngeneic models than for PDXs and CDXs. There is considerable disagreement between methods on calling drug responses as objective response. We then introduced linear mixed models (LMMs) to describe MCTs as clustered longitudinal studies, which explicitly model growth and drug response heterogeneities across mouse models and among mice within a mouse model. Case studies were used to demonstrate the advantages of LMMs in discovering biomarkers and exploring drug’s mechanisms of action. We introduced additive frailty models to perform survival analysis on MCTs, which more accurately estimate hazard ratios by modeling the clustered mouse population. We performed computational simulations for LMMs and frailty models to generate statistical power curves, and showed that power is close for designs with similar total number of mice. Finally, we showed that MCTs can explain discrepant results in clinical trials. Conclusions Methods proposed in this study can make the design and analysis of MCTs more rational, flexible and powerful, make MCTs a better tool in oncology research and drug development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5907-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Guo
- Crown Bioscience Inc., Suzhou Industrial Park, 218 Xinghu Street, Jiangsu, 215028, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- Crown Bioscience Inc., Suzhou Industrial Park, 218 Xinghu Street, Jiangsu, 215028, China
| | - Binchen Mao
- Crown Bioscience Inc., Suzhou Industrial Park, 218 Xinghu Street, Jiangsu, 215028, China
| | - Qi-Xiang Li
- Crown Bioscience, Inc, 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA, 95054, USA. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Katsuta E, DeMasi SC, Terracina KP, Spiegel S, Phan GQ, Bear HD, Takabe K. Modified breast cancer model for preclinical immunotherapy studies. J Surg Res 2016; 204:467-474. [PMID: 27565084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in immunotherapy for breast cancer is rapidly emerging, and applicable animal models that mimic human cancer are urgently needed for preclinical studies. This study aimed to improve a technique for orthotopic inoculation of syngeneic breast cancer cells to be used as a preclinical animal model for immunotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used our previously reported murine model of orthotopic cancer cell inoculation under direct vision and compared the efficiency of tumorigenesis with tumor cells suspended in either phosphate-buffered saline or Matrigel containing varying numbers of cells. As a model for immune rejection, murine BALB/c-derived 4T1-luc2 breast cancer cells were inoculated orthotopically into both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Matrigel-suspended cells formed larger tumors with higher efficiency than phosphate-buffered saline-suspended cells. The maximum volume of Matrigel that could be inoculated without spillage was 20 μL and 30 μL in the #2 and #4 mammary fat pads, respectively. Tumor take rates increased as the injected cell number increased. In this immune rejection model, there were no significant differences in tumor weight between the strains up to day 7, after which tumor weight decreased in C57BL/6 mice. Bioluminescence in C57BL/6 mice was also significantly less than that in BALB/c mice and increased up to day 7, then swiftly decreased thereafter. CONCLUSIONS This improved technique of innoculating murine breast cancer cells using bioluminescence technology may be useful in evaluating the efficacy of tumor regression mediated by immune responses, as shown by an allogeneic response in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Katsuta
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia; Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Stephanie C DeMasi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Krista P Terracina
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Giao Q Phan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Harry D Bear
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and The Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia; Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
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Biswas T, Gu X, Yang J, Ellies LG, Sun LZ. Attenuation of TGF-β signaling supports tumor progression of a mesenchymal-like mammary tumor cell line in a syngeneic murine model. Cancer Lett 2013; 346:129-38. [PMID: 24368187 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that TGF-β functions as a tumor promoter in metastatic, mesenchymal-like breast cancer cells and that TGF-β inhibitors can effectively abrogate tumor progression in several of these models. Here we report a novel observation with the use of genetic and pharmacological approaches, and murine mammary cell injection models in both syngeneic and immune compromised mice. We found that TGF-β receptor II (TβRII) knockdown in the MMTV-PyMT derived Py8119, a mesenchymal-like murine mammary tumor cell line, resulted in increased orthotopic tumor growth potential in a syngeneic background and a similar trend in an immune compromised background. Systemic treatment with a small-molecule TGF-β receptor I kinase inhibitor induced a trend towards increased metastatic colonization of distant organs following intracardiac inoculation of Py8119 cells, with little effect on the colonization of luminal-like Py230 cells, also derived from MMTV-PyMT tumors. Taken together, our data suggest that the attenuation of TGF-β signaling in mesenchymal-like mammary tumors does not necessarily inhibit their malignant potential, and anti-TGF-β therapeutic intervention requires greater precision in identifying molecular markers in tumors with an indication of functional TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuka Biswas
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lesley G Ellies
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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