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Caniceiro AB, Bueschbell B, Barreto CA, Preto AJ, Moreira IS. MUG: A mutation overview of GPCR subfamily A17 receptors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:586-600. [PMID: 36659920 PMCID: PMC9822836 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate several signaling pathways through a general mechanism that involves their activation, upholding a chain of events that lead to the release of molecules responsible for cytoplasmic action and further regulation. These physiological functions can be severely altered by mutations in GPCR genes. GPCRs subfamily A17 (dopamine, serotonin, adrenergic and trace amine receptors) are directly related with neurodegenerative diseases, and as such it is crucial to explore known mutations on these systems and their impact in structure and function. A comprehensive and detailed computational framework - MUG (Mutations Understanding GPCRs) - was constructed, illustrating key reported mutations and their effect on receptors of the subfamily A17 of GPCRs. We explored the type of mutations occurring overall and in the different families of subfamily A17, as well their localization within the receptor and potential effects on receptor functionality. The mutated residues were further analyzed considering their pathogenicity. The results reveal a high diversity of mutations in the GPCR subfamily A17 structures, drawing attention to the considerable number of mutations in conserved residues and domains. Mutated residues were typically hydrophobic residues enriched at the ligand binding pocket and known activating microdomains, which may lead to disruption of receptor function. MUG as an interactive web application is available for the management and visualization of this dataset. We expect that this interactive database helps the exploration of GPCR mutations, their influence, and their familywise and receptor-specific effects, constituting the first step in elucidating their structures and molecules at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Caniceiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD in Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos A.V. Barreto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Corresponding author at: Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Wentinck K, Gogou C, Meijer DH. Putting on molecular weight: Enabling cryo-EM structure determination of sub-100-kDa proteins. Curr Res Struct Biol 2022; 4:332-337. [PMID: 36248264 PMCID: PMC9562432 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in the past decade have enabled high-resolution structure determination of a vast variety of proteins by cryogenic electron microscopy single particle analysis. Despite improved sample preparation, next-generation imaging hardware, and advanced single particle analysis algorithms, small proteins remain elusive for reconstruction due to low signal-to-noise and lack of distinctive structural features. Multiple efforts have therefore been directed at the development of size-increase techniques for small proteins. Here we review the latest methods for increasing effective molecular weight of proteins <100 kDa through target protein binding or target protein fusion - specifically by using nanobody-based assemblies, fusion tags, and symmetric scaffolds. Finally, we summarize these state-of-the-art techniques into a decision-tree to facilitate the design of tailored future approaches, and thus for further exploration of ever-smaller proteins that make up the largest part of the human genome.
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Key Words
- BRIL, cytochromeb562 RIL
- DARPin, Design Ankyrin Repeat Protein
- Fab, antigen binding fragment
- GFP, Green Fluorecent Protein
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- MW, molecular weight
- Mb, megabody
- Nb, nanobody
- SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
- SPA, single particle analysis
- TM, transmembrane
- cryo-EM, cryogenic electron microscopy
- kDa, kiloDalton
- κOR ICL3, κ-opiod receptor intracellular loop 3
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Oduro PK, Zheng X, Wei J, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liu E, Gao X, Du M, Wang Q. The cGAS-STING signaling in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: Future novel target option for pharmacotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:50-75. [PMID: 35127372 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling exert essential regulatory function in microbial-and onco-immunology through the induction of cytokines, primarily type I interferons. Recently, the aberrant and deranged signaling of the cGAS-STING axis is closely implicated in multiple sterile inflammatory diseases, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, aortic aneurysm and dissection, obesity, etc. This is because of the massive loads of damage-associated molecular patterns (mitochondrial DNA, DNA in extracellular vesicles) liberated from recurrent injury to metabolic cellular organelles and tissues, which are sensed by the pathway. Also, the cGAS-STING pathway crosstalk with essential intracellular homeostasis processes like apoptosis, autophagy, and regulate cellular metabolism. Targeting derailed STING signaling has become necessary for chronic inflammatory diseases. Meanwhile, excessive type I interferons signaling impact on cardiovascular and metabolic health remain entirely elusive. In this review, we summarize the intimate connection between the cGAS-STING pathway and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. We also discuss some potential small molecule inhibitors for the pathway. This review provides insight to stimulate interest in and support future research into understanding this signaling axis in cardiovascular and metabolic tissues and diseases.
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Key Words
- AA, amino acids
- AAD, aortic aneurysm and dissection
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Ang II, angiotensin II
- CBD, C-binding domain
- CDG, c-di-GMP
- CDNs, cyclic dinucleotides
- CTD, C-terminal domain
- CTT, C-terminal tail
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Cys, cysteine
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DsbA-L, disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GTP, guanosine triphosphate
- HAQ, R71H-G230A-R293Q
- HFD, high-fat diet
- ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule 1
- IFN, interferon
- IFN-I, type 1 interferon
- IFNAR, interferon receptors
- IFNIC, interferon-inducible cells
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IL, interleukin
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- ISGs, IRF-3-dependent interferon-stimulated genes
- Inflammation
- LBD, ligand-binding pocket
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein
- MST1, mammalian Ste20-like kinases 1
- Metabolic diseases
- Mitochondria
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- NLRP3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3
- NO2-FA, nitro-fatty acids
- NTase, nucleotidyltransferase
- PDE3B/4, phosphodiesterase-3B/4
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPI, protein–protein interface
- Poly: I.C, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SAVI, STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- STIM1, stromal interaction molecule 1
- STING
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- Ser, serine
- TAK1, transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1
- TBK1, TANK-binding kinase 1
- TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A
- TLR, Toll-like receptors
- TM, transmembrane
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
- TREX1, three prime repair exonuclease 1
- YAP1, Yes-associated protein 1
- cGAMP, 2′,3′-cyclic GMP–AMP
- cGAS
- cGAS, cyclic GMP–AMP synthase
- dsDNA, double-stranded DNA
- hSTING, human stimulator of interferon genes
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
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Verdín J, Sánchez-León E, Rico-Ramírez AM, Martínez-Núñez L, Fajardo-Somera RA, Riquelme M. Off the wall: The rhyme and reason of Neurospora crassa hyphal morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:100020. [PMID: 32743136 PMCID: PMC7389182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and β-1,3-glucan synthases are transported separately in chitosomes and macrovesicles. Chitin synthases occupy the core of the SPK; β-1,3-glucan synthases the outer layer. CHS-4 arrival to the SPK and septa is CSE-7 dependent. Rabs YPT-1 and YPT-31 localization at the SPK mimics that of chitosomes and macrovesicles. The exocyst acts as a tether between the SPK outer layer vesicles and the apical PM.
The fungal cell wall building processes are the ultimate determinants of hyphal shape. In Neurospora crassa the main cell wall components, β-1,3-glucan and chitin, are synthesized by enzymes conveyed by specialized vesicles to the hyphal tip. These vesicles follow different secretory routes, which are delicately coordinated by cargo-specific Rab GTPases until their accumulation at the Spitzenkörper. From there, the exocyst mediates the docking of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they ultimately get fused. Although significant progress has been done on the cellular mechanisms that carry cell wall synthesizing enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum to hyphal tips, a lot of information is still missing. Here, the current knowledge on N. crassa cell wall composition and biosynthesis is presented with an emphasis on the underlying molecular and cellular secretory processes.
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Key Words
- BGT, β-1,3-glucan transferases
- CHS, chitin synthase
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CWI, cell wall integrity
- CWP, cell wall proteins
- Cell wall
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GH, glycosyl hydrolases
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- GSC, β-1,3-glucan synthase complex
- MMD, myosin-like motor domain
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MT, microtubule
- NEC, network of elongated cisternae
- PM, plasma membrane
- SPK, Spitzenkörper
- Spitzenkörper
- TIRFM, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
- TM, transmembrane
- Tip growth
- Vesicles
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Verdín
- Industrial Biotechnology, CIATEJ-Jalisco State Scientific Research and Technology Assistance Center, Mexico National Council for Science and Technology, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eddy Sánchez-León
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adriana M Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Leonora Martínez-Núñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rosa A Fajardo-Somera
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Iwamoto M, Fukuda Y, Osakada H, Mori C, Hiraoka Y, Haraguchi T. Identification of the evolutionarily conserved nuclear envelope proteins Lem2 and MicLem2 in Tetrahymena thermophila. Gene 2019; 721S:100006. [PMID: 32550543 PMCID: PMC7285967 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lem2 family proteins, i.e. the LAP2-Emerin-MAN1 (LEM) domain-containing nuclear envelope proteins, are well-conserved from yeasts to humans, both of which belong to the Opisthokonta supergroup. However, whether their homologs are present in other eukaryotic phylogenies remains unclear. In this study, we identified two Lem2 homolog proteins, which we named as Lem2 and MicLem2, in a ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila belonging to the SAR supergroup. Lem2 was localized to the nuclear envelope of the macronucleus (MAC) and micronucleus (MIC), while MicLem2 was exclusively localized to the nuclear envelope of the MIC. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that Lem2 in T. thermophila was localized to both the inner and outer nuclear envelopes of the MAC and MIC, while MicLem2 was mostly localized to the nuclear pores of the MIC. Molecular domain analysis using GFP-fused protein showed that the N-terminal and luminal domains, including the transmembrane segments, are responsible for nuclear envelope localization. During sexual reproduction, enrichment of Lem2 occurred in the nuclear envelopes of the MAC and MIC to be degraded, while MicLem2 was enriched in the nuclear envelope of the MIC that escaped degradation. These findings suggest the unique characteristics of Tetrahymena Lem2 proteins. Our findings provide insight into the evolutionary divergence of nuclear envelope proteins. Conserved nuclear envelope proteins Lem2 and MicLem2 are identified in Tetrahymena. Lem2 is localized to the nuclear envelope of the macronucleus and the micronucleus. MicLem2 is localized to the nuclear pore complex of the micronucleus. In sexual reproduction, Lem2 is enriched to the nuclei assigned to degradation. MicLem2 is enriched to the micronuclei that are escaped from degradation.
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Key Words
- BAF, barrier-to-autointegration factor
- DAPI, 4′,6‑diamidino‑2‑phenylindole
- DDW, double distilled water
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GA, glutaraldehyde
- HeH domain
- HeH, helix-extension-helix
- LAP2, lamina associated polypeptide 2
- LEM domain
- LEM, LAP2-Emerin-MAN1
- MAC, macronucleus
- MIC, micronucleus
- MSC domain
- MSC, Man1-Src1p-C-terminal
- Man1
- Man1-Src1p-C-terminal domain
- NE, nuclear envelope
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- NPC, nuclear pore complex
- Nuclear dimorphism
- Nuclear envelope
- ONM and INM, outer and inner nuclear membranes
- PB, phosphate buffer
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- Protist
- RRM, RNA recognition motif
- TM, transmembrane
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Iwamoto
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, 989-6711, Japan
| | - Hiroko Osakada
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Chie Mori
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Csizmadia G, Farkas B, Spagina Z, Tordai H, Hegedűs T. Quantitative comparison of ABC membrane protein type I exporter structures in a standardized way. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:396-403. [PMID: 30425800 PMCID: PMC6222291 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of ABC membrane protein structures are determined by cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography, consequently identifying differences between their conformations has become an arising issue. Therefore, we propose to define standardized measures for ABC Type I exporter structure characterization. We set conformational vectors, conftors, which describe the relative orientation of domains and can highlight structural differences. In addition, continuum electrostatics calculations were performed to characterize the energetics of membrane insertion illuminating functionally crucial regions. In summary, the proposed metrics contribute to deeper understanding of ABC membrane proteins' structural features, structure validation, and analysis of movements observed in a molecular dynamics trajectory. Moreover, the concept of standardized metrics can be applied not only to ABC membrane protein structures (http://conftors.hegelab.org).
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Key Words
- ABC proteins
- ABC, ATP binding cassette
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- CG, coarse grained
- CH, coupling helix
- COG, center of geometry
- ICD, intracellular domain
- Membrane proteins
- NBD, nucleotide binding domain
- Quantitative structural properties
- Structure comparison
- Structure validation
- TH, transmembrane helix
- TM, transmembrane
- TMD, transmembrane domain
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Csizmadia
- MTA-SE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bianka Farkas
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Spagina
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hedvig Tordai
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Hegedűs
- MTA-SE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Venko K, Roy Choudhury A, Novič M. Computational Approaches for Revealing the Structure of Membrane Transporters: Case Study on Bilitranslocase. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2017; 15:232-242. [PMID: 28228927 PMCID: PMC5312651 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and functional details of transmembrane proteins are vastly underexplored, mostly due to experimental difficulties regarding their solubility and stability. Currently, the majority of transmembrane protein structures are still unknown and this present a huge experimental and computational challenge. Nowadays, thanks to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy over 3000 structures of membrane proteins have been solved, among them only a few hundred unique ones. Due to the vast biological and pharmaceutical interest in the elucidation of the structure and the functional mechanisms of transmembrane proteins, several computational methods have been developed to overcome the experimental gap. If combined with experimental data the computational information enables rapid, low cost and successful predictions of the molecular structure of unsolved proteins. The reliability of the predictions depends on the availability and accuracy of experimental data associated with structural information. In this review, the following methods are proposed for in silico structure elucidation: sequence-dependent predictions of transmembrane regions, predictions of transmembrane helix–helix interactions, helix arrangements in membrane models, and testing their stability with molecular dynamics simulations. We also demonstrate the usage of the computational methods listed above by proposing a model for the molecular structure of the transmembrane protein bilitranslocase. Bilitranslocase is bilirubin membrane transporter, which shares similar tissue distribution and functional properties with some of the members of the Organic Anion Transporter family and is the only member classified in the Bilirubin Transporter Family. Regarding its unique properties, bilitranslocase is a potentially interesting drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Venko
- Department of Cheminformatics, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Roy Choudhury
- Department of Cheminformatics, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjana Novič
- Department of Cheminformatics, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Decock M, El Haylani L, Stanga S, Dewachter I, Octave JN, Smith SO, Constantinescu SN, Kienlen-Campard P. Analysis by a highly sensitive split luciferase assay of the regions involved in APP dimerization and its impact on processing. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:763-73. [PMID: 26500837 PMCID: PMC4588712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) dimerizes more than its C-terminal fragments in cells. Mutations of membrane GXXXG motifs affect Aβ production but not APP dimerization. Deletion of the APP intracellular domain increases APP dimerization.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive loss of cognitive functions, leading to dementia. Two types of lesions are found in AD brains: neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. The latter are composed mainly of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) generated by amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Several studies have suggested that dimerization of APP is closely linked to Aβ production. Nevertheless, the mechanisms controlling APP dimerization and their role in APP function are not known. Here we used a new luciferase complementation assay to analyze APP dimerization and unravel the involvement of its three major domains: the ectodomain, the transmembrane domain and the intracellular domain. Our results indicate that within cells full-length APP dimerizes more than its α and β C-terminal fragments, confirming the pivotal role of the ectodomain in this process. Dimerization of the APP transmembrane (TM) domain has been reported to regulate processing at the γ-cleavage site. We show that both non-familial and familial AD mutations in the TM GXXXG motifs strongly modulate Aβ production, but do not consistently change dimerization of the C-terminal fragments. Finally, we found for the first time that removal of intracellular domain strongly increases APP dimerization. Increased APP dimerization is linked to increased non-amyloidogenic processing.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- AICD, APP intracellular domain
- APP
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- Alzheimer disease
- Amyloid beta peptide
- Aβ, β-amyloid peptide
- CHO, chinese hamster ovary
- CTF, C-terminal fragment
- DAPT, N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- Dimerization
- ECL, enzymatic chemi-luminescence
- ECLIA, electro-chemiluminescence immuno-assay
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- GXXXG motifs
- KPI, Kunitz-type protease inhibitor
- NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PS1/PS2, presenilin1/presenilin2
- RLU, relative light unit
- SP, signal peptide
- Split luciferase
- TM, transmembrane
- YFP, yellow fluorescent protein
- sAPPα, soluble APPα
- sAPPβ, soluble APPβ
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Decock
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Laetitia El Haylani
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Serena Stanga
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Octave
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Steven O Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- de Duve Institute and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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Klein N, Kümmerer N, Hobernik D, Schneider D. The AQP2 mutation V71M causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in humans but does not impair the function of a bacterial homolog. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:640-6. [PMID: 26442203 PMCID: PMC4552806 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquaporin 2 mutation V71M causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in humans. Val71 is highly conserved in aqua(glycero)porins and points into the translocation pore. The V71M mutation does not impair the activity and oligomerization of a bacterial homolog.
Several point mutations have been identified in human aquaporins, but their effects on the function of the respective aquaporins are mostly enigmatic. We analyzed the impact of the aquaporin 2 mutation V71M, which causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in humans, on aquaporin structure and activity, using the bacterial aquaglyceroporin GlpF as a model. Importantly, the sequence and structure around the V71M mutation is highly conserved between aquaporin 2 and GlpF. The V71M mutation neither impairs substrate flux nor oligomerization of the aquaglyceroporin. Therefore, the human aquaporin 2 mutant V71M is most likely active, but cellular trafficking is probably impaired.
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Key Words
- AQP ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- AQP, aquaporin
- AVP, arginine vasopressin
- AVPR2, V2 receptor
- Activity
- Aquaporin
- GlpF
- GlpF, glycerol facilitator
- GpA, glycophorin A
- HM, half-membrane-spanning
- NDI, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- Protein oligomerization
- TM, transmembrane
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Klein
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Kümmerer
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominika Hobernik
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Kiyoatake K, Nagadome S, Yamaguchi T. Membrane perturbations induced by the interactions of zinc ions with band 3 in human erythrocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 2:63-8. [PMID: 29124145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Of group 12 metals, zinc is an essential element to maintain our life, but other metals such as cadmium and mercury are toxic in cellular activities. Interactions of these metals with biomembranes are important to understand their effects on our living cells. Here, we describe the membrane perturbations induced by these metals in human erythrocytes. Of these metals, Zn2+ ions only induced the erythrocyte agglutination. Histidine residues in extracellular domains of band 3 participated in Zn2+-induced agglutination. Interestingly, it was found that band 3-cytoskeleton interactions play an important role in Zn2+-induced agglutination. In contrast with Hg2+ and Cd2+ ions, Zn2+ ions greatly suppressed pressure-induced hemolysis by cell agglutination. Such a suppression was removed upon dissociation of agglutinated erythrocytes by washing, indicating the reversible interactions of Zn2+ ions with erythrocyte membranes. Excimer fluorescence of pyrene indicated that spectrin is denatured by a pressure of 200 MPa irrespective of hemolysis suppression. Taken together, these results suggest that the agglutination of erythrocytes due to the interactions of Zn2+ ions with band 3 is stable under pressure, but spectrin, cytoskeletal protein, is denatured by pressure Human erythrocytes show different responses to the group 12 metal ions. Interactions of Zn2+ with histidines of band 3 induce agglutination of erythrocytes. Interactions of band 3 with skeleton are important in Zn2+-induced cell agglutination. Pressure-induced hemolysis is suppressed in erythrocytes agglutinated by Zn2+ ions. Spectrin is denatured upon compression of erythrocytes agglutinated by Zn2+ ions.
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Key Words
- 5P8, 5 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8
- Agglutination
- Band 3
- C12E8, octaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether
- DEPC, diethylpyrocarbonate
- DIDS, 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene- 2,2′-disulfonate
- DMPC, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
- DNDS, 4, 4′-dinitrostilbene- 2,2′-disulfonate
- Erythrocyte
- Excimer
- Hemolysis
- NPIA, N-(1-pyrenyl) iodoacetamide
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline, 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- TBS, tris-buffered saline, 17 mM Tris, 123 mM NaCl, pH 7.4
- TM, transmembrane
- Zinc
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Caccin P, Scorzeto M, Damiano N, Marin O, Megighian A, Montecucco C. The synaptotagmin juxtamembrane domain is involved in neuroexocytosis. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:388-96. [PMID: 25973365 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly cationic juxtamembrane segment of synaptotagmin juxtamembrane domain was synthesized. This peptide inhibits neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction of mice and Drosophila. This peptide localizes mainly on the presynaptic membrane. The synaptotagmin juxtamembrane peptide binds monophosphoinositides in a Ca2+-independent manner. The juxtamembrane segment of synaptotagmin may contribute to the formation of the hemifusion intermediate.
Synaptotagmin is a synaptic vesicle membrane protein which changes conformation upon Ca2+ binding and triggers the fast neuroexocytosis that takes place at synapses. We have synthesized a series of peptides corresponding to the sequence of the cytosolic juxtamembrane domain of synaptotagmin, which is highly conserved among different isoforms and animal species, with or without either a hexyl hydrophobic chain or the hexyl group plus a fluorescein moiety. We show that these peptides inhibit neurotransmitter release, that they localize on the presynaptic membrane of the motor axon terminal at the neuromuscular junction and that they bind monophosphoinositides in a Ca2+-independent manner. Based on these findings, we propose that the juxtamembrane cytosolic domain of synaptotagmin binds the cytosolic layer of the presynaptic membrane at rest. This binding brings synaptic vesicles and plasma membrane in a very close apposition, favouring the formation of hemifusion intermediates that enable rapid vesicle fusion.
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Key Words
- Anionic phospholipids
- JMS, juxtamembrane segment
- Juxtamembrane domain
- NMJ, neuromuscular junction
- Neuroexocytosis
- Neuromuscular junction
- PM, presynaptic membrane
- SV, synaptic vesicles
- Synaptotagmin
- Syt, synaptotagmin
- TM, transmembrane
- h-FJMS, hexyl fluorescent juxtamembrane segment
- h-JMS, hexyl juxtamembrane segment
- h-sJMS, hexyl scrambled juxtamembrane segment
- α-BTX, alpha-bungarotoxin
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Abstract
The proper formation of dendritic arbors is a critical step in neural circuit formation, and as such defects in arborization are associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Among the best gene candidates are those encoding cell adhesion molecules, including members of the diverse cadherin superfamily characterized by distinctive, repeated adhesive domains in their extracellular regions. Protocadherins (Pcdhs) make up the largest group within this superfamily, encompassing over 80 genes, including the ∼60 genes of the α-, β-, and γ-Pcdh gene clusters and the non-clustered δ-Pcdh genes. An additional group includes the atypical cadherin genes encoding the giant Fat and Dachsous proteins and the 7-transmembrane cadherins. In this review we highlight the many roles that Pcdhs and atypical cadherins have been demonstrated to play in dendritogenesis, dendrite arborization, and dendritic spine regulation. Together, the published studies we discuss implicate these members of the cadherin superfamily as key regulators of dendrite development and function, and as potential therapeutic targets for future interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Key Words
- CNR, Cadherin related neuronal receptor
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.
- Celsr, Cadherin EGF LAG 7-pass G-type receptor 1
- DSCAM, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule
- Dnmt3b, DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 β
- Ds, Dachsous
- EC, extracellular cadherin
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FMRP, Fragile X mental retardation protein
- Fj, Four jointed
- Fjx1, Four jointed box 1
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- Gogo, Golden Goal
- LIM domain, Lin11, Isl-1 & Mec-3 domain
- MARCKS, Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate
- MEF2, Myocyte enhancer factor 2
- MEK3, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3
- PCP, planar cell polarity
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PSD, Post-synaptic density
- PYK2, Protein tyrosine kinase 2
- Pcdh
- Pcdh, Protocadherin
- RGC, Retinal ganglion cell
- RNAi, RNA interference
- Rac1, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- S2 cells, Schneider 2 cells
- SAC, starburst amacrine cell
- TAF1, Template-activating factor 1
- TAO2β, Thousand and one amino acid protein kinase 2 β
- TM, transmembrane
- arborization
- atypical cadherin
- branching
- cadherin superfamily
- cell adhesion
- da neuron, dendritic arborization neuron
- dendritic
- dendritic spine
- dendritogenesis
- fmi, Flamingo
- md neuron, multiple dendrite neuron
- neural circuit formation
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- self avoidance
- synaptogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Keeler
- a Department of Biology ; Neuroscience Graduate Program; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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