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Cañizares-Carmenate Y, Mena-Ulecia K, MacLeod Carey D, Perera-Sardiña Y, Hernández-Rodríguez EW, Marrero-Ponce Y, Torrens F, Castillo-Garit JA. Machine learning approach to discovery of small molecules with potential inhibitory action against vasoactive metalloproteases. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1383-1397. [PMID: 34216326 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With the advancement of combinatorial chemistry and big data, drug repositioning has boomed. In this sense, machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques offer a priori information to identify the most promising candidates. In this study, we combine QSAR and docking methodologies to identify compounds with potential inhibitory activity of vasoactive metalloproteases for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. To develop this study, we used a database of 191 thermolysin inhibitor compounds, which is the largest as far as we know. First, we use Dragon's molecular descriptors (0-3D) to develop classification models using Bayesian networks (Naive Bayes) and artificial neural networks (Multilayer Perceptron). The obtained models are used for virtual screening of small molecules in the international DrugBank database. Second, docking experiments are carried out for all three enzymes using the Autodock Vina program, to identify possible interactions with the active site of human metalloproteases. As a result, high-performance artificial intelligence QSAR models are obtained for training and prediction sets. These allowed the identification of 18 compounds with potential inhibitory activity and an adequate oral bioavailability profile, which were evaluated using docking. Four of them showed high binding energies for the three enzymes, and we propose them as potential dual ACE/NEP inhibitors for the control of blood pressure. In summary, the in silico strategies used here constitute an important tool for the early identification of new antihypertensive drug candidates, with substantial savings in time and money.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudith Cañizares-Carmenate
- Unit of Computer-Aided Molecular ''Biosilico" Discovery and Bioinformatic Research (CAMD-BIR Unit), Facultad de Química-Farmacia, Universidad Central ''Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, 54830, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Karel Mena-Ulecia
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Ave. Rudecindo Ortega, 02950, Temuco, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Bioproductos Y Materiales Avanzados (BIOMA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Ave. Rudecindo Ortega, 02950, Temuco, Chile
| | - Desmond MacLeod Carey
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Inorganic Chemistry and Molecular Materials Center, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, San Miguel, 2801, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yunier Perera-Sardiña
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática Y Química Computacional, Escuela de Química Y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Erix W Hernández-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática Y Química Computacional, Escuela de Química Y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Yovani Marrero-Ponce
- Grupo de Medicina Molecular Y Traslacional (MeM & T), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Edificio de Especialidades Médicas, Av. Interoceánica Km 12½, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Torrens
- Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, Edifici D'Instituts de Paterna, P.O. Box 22085, 46071, València, Spain
| | - Juan A Castillo-Garit
- Unidad de Toxicología Experimental, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, Carretera a Acueducto Y Circunvalación, CP: 50200, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba.
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Bozin TN, Chukhontseva KN, Lesovoy DM, Filatov VV, Kozlovskiy VI, Demidyuk IV, Bocharov EV. NMR assignments and secondary structure distribution of emfourin, a novel proteinaceous protease inhibitor. Biomol NMR Assign 2021; 15:10.1007/s12104-021-10030-x. [PMID: 34091855 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-021-10030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emfourin (M4in) from Serratia proteamaculans is a new proteinaceous inhibitor of protealysin-like proteases (PLPs), a subgroup of the well-known and widely represented metallopeptidase M4 family. Although the biological role of PLPs is debatable, data published indicate their involvement in pathogenesis, including bacterial invasion into eukaryotic cells, suppression of immune defense of some animals, and destruction of plant cell walls. Gene colocalization into a bicistronic operon observed for some PLPs and their inhibitors (as in the case of M4in) implies a mutually consistent functioning of both entities. The originality of the amino acid sequence of M4in suggests it belongs to a previously unknown protein family and this encourages structural studies. In this work, we report a near-complete assignment of 1H, 13C, and 15N resonances of recombinant M4in and its structural-dynamic properties derived from the chemical shifts. According the NMR data analysis, the M4in molecule comprises 3-5 helical elements and 4-6 β-strands, at least two of which are apparently antiparallel, ascribing this obviously globular protein to the α + β structural class. Besides, two disordered regions also exist in the central loops between the regular secondary structural elements. The obtained data provide the basis for determining the high-resolution structure as well as functioning mechanism of M4in that can be used for development of new antibacterial therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur N Bozin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 2, Kurchatov Sq, 123182, Moscow, Russia
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia N Chukhontseva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 2, Kurchatov Sq, 123182, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry M Lesovoy
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily V Filatov
- Chernogolovka Branch of the Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Viacheslav I Kozlovskiy
- Chernogolovka Branch of the Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 2, Kurchatov Sq, 123182, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Eduard V Bocharov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Densumite J, Phanthong S, Seesuay W, Sookrung N, Chaisri U, Chaicumpa W. Engineered Human Monoclonal scFv to Receptor Binding Domain of Ebolavirus. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050457. [PMID: 34064480 PMCID: PMC8147973 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ebolavirus (EBOV) poses as a significant threat for human health by frequently causing epidemics of the highly contagious Ebola virus disease (EVD). EBOV glycoprotein (GP), as a sole surface glycoprotein, needs to be cleaved in endosomes to fully expose a receptor-binding domain (RBD) containing a receptor-binding site (RBS) for receptor binding and genome entry into cytoplasm for replication. RBDs are highly conserved among EBOV species, so they are an attractive target for broadly effective anti-EBOV drug development. (2) Methods: Phage display technology was used as a tool to isolate human single-chain antibodies (HuscFv) that bind to recombinant RBDs from a human scFv (HuscFv) phage display library. The RBD-bound HuscFvs were fused with cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), and cell-penetrating antibodies (transbodies) were made, produced from the phage-infected E. coli clones and characterized. (3) Results: Among the HuscFvs obtained from phage-infected E. coli clones, HuscFvs of three clones, HuscFv4, HuscFv11, and HuscFv14, the non-cell-penetrable or cell-penetrable HuscFv4 effectively neutralized cellular entry of EBOV-like particles (VLPs). While all HuscFvs were found to bind cleaved GP (GPcl), their presumptive binding sites were markedly different, as determined by molecular docking. (4) Conclusions: The HuscFv4 could be a promising therapeutic agent against EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaslan Densumite
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (J.D.); (S.P.); (W.S.)
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Siratcha Phanthong
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (J.D.); (S.P.); (W.S.)
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (J.D.); (S.P.); (W.S.)
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Biomedical Research Incubation Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Urai Chaisri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Topical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-419-2936; Fax: +662-419-6470
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Ishibashi M, Tanaka R, Yamasaki S, Tokunaga H, Arakawa T, Tokunaga M. Salt Mediated Modulation of Autolysis of Thermolysin-Like Proteinase, Salilysin, Isolated from a Moderate Halophile, Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM3043. Protein J 2021; 40:223-233. [PMID: 33502674 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic salilysin is first synthesized as a pro-form, which has been shown autolysis activity to process pro-region (55 amino acids long) three times to form intermediate 1 (I1), intermediate 2 (I2) and final mature (M) salilysin. The autolysis of I1- to M-form salilysin in vitro was significantly accelerated with increasing NaCl concentration up to 4 M. Strong salting-out salts, (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4 and MgSO4, were more effective, suggesting that autolysis is enhanced by inter-molecular association or structure compaction or both. However, MgCl2, a salting-in salt, was also effective, suggesting that other mechanisms, such as charge shielding and ionic binding to this halophilic protein, operated. Autolytic cleavage at site 3 resulted in mixed formation of correctly and incorrectly processed mature forms in the absence of salt, indicating that salt affected the accuracy of autolytic cleavage reaction. Far UV circular dichroism (CD) measurements indicated that E167A pro-salilysin showed an identical CD spectrum to the wild-type mature salilysin, suggesting pro-form has a proper fold for proteolytic activity. Thermal scanning indicated that E167A pro-salilysin was more heat-stable by ~ 10 °C than mature form. The CD spectra, thermal stability and modeling structure of salilysin clearly suggested that pro-salilysin is folded to the same structure as native form and is functional for autolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matsujiro Ishibashi
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Tanaka
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamasaki
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA
| | - Masao Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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Hernández-Corroto E, Sánchez-Milla M, Sánchez-Nieves J, de la Mata FJ, Marina ML, García MC. Immobilization of thermolysin enzyme on dendronized silica supports. Evaluation of its feasibility on multiple protein hydrolysis cycles. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2338-2348. [PMID: 33132126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates different dendrimer-silica supports for the immobilization of enzymes by multipoint covalent binding. Thermolysin was immobilized on two dendrimers (PAMAM and carbosilane) with two different generations (zero (G0) and first (G1)). Results were compared with a control, a silica support functionalized with a monofunctional molecule. Dendrimers increased the number of available sites to bind the enzyme. Despite the enzyme was immobilized on all supports, G0 dendrimers immobilized a 30% more enzyme than G1. Thermolysin immobilized on G0 dendrimer supports showed the highest activity and could be employed in three consecutive hydrolysis cycles. Optimal immobilization time was 1 h while optimal protein loading was 25 mg enzyme/100 mg support. Enzyme activity was promoted when using 5 mg of immobilized enzyme at 750 rpm, 60 °C, and 2 h of hydrolysis. Under these conditions, the activity of thermolysin increased up to the 78% of the free enzyme activity. Kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction using the immobilized thermolysin was also studied and compared with the obtained using the free thermolysin. The addition of ZnCl2 and NaCl during the immobilization procedure increased thermolysin activity in the second (22% more) and in the third (14% more) hydrolysis clycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Hernández-Corroto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Milla
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río", Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Nieves
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río", Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río", Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río", Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Concepción García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río", Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Nam KH. Structural analysis of metal chelation of the metalloproteinase thermolysin by 1,10-phenanthroline. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 215:111319. [PMID: 33310458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteases and their inhibitors are important in numerous fundamental biochemical phenomena and medical applications. The heterocyclic organic compound, 1,10-phenanthroline, forms a complex with transition metal ions and is a Zn2+-chelating metalloprotease inhibitor; however, the mechanism of 1,10-phenanthroline-based chelation inhibition has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to understand the structural basis of zinc metalloproteinase inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline. Herein, the crystal structure of thermolysin was determined in the absence and presence of 1,10-phenanthroline at 1.5 and 1.8 Å, respectively. In native thermolysin, Zn2+ at the active site is tetrahedrally coordinated by His142, His146, Glu166, and water molecule and contains three Ca2+ ions, which are involved in thermostability. In the crystal structure of 1,10-phenanthroline-treated thermolysin crystal, seven 1,10-phenanthroline molecules were observed on the surface of thermolysin. These molecules are stabilized by π- π stacking interactions with aromatic amino acids (Phe63, Tyr66, Tyr110, His216, and Try251) or between the 1,10-phenanthrolines. Moreover, interactions with Ser5 and Arg101 were also observed. In this structure, Zn2+ at the active site was completely chelated, but no large conformational changes were observed in Zn2+ coordination with amino acid residues. Ca2+ at the Ca3 site exposed to the solvent was chelated by 1,10-phenanthroline, resulting in a conformational change in the side chain of Asp56 and Gln61. Based on the surface structure, for 1,10-phenanthroline to chelate a metal, it is important that the metal is exposed on the protein surface and that there is no steric hindrance impairing 1,10-phenanthroline access by the amino acids around the metal.
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Tanaka R, Yamasaki S, Ishibashi M, Tokunaga H, Arakawa T, Tokunaga M. Salt-enhanced processing, proteolytic activity and stability of halophilic thermolysin-like proteinase, salilysin, isolated from a moderate halophile, Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM3043. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:77-86. [PMID: 32668304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Moderately halophilic bacterium, Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM3043, has a gene Csal_2537 encoding thermolysin-like M4 proteinase. This gene was cloned to pET expression vectors, resulting in high expression of recombinant proteinase, named as salilysin (salinity-dependent thermolysin-like proteinase), in Escherichia coli cytoplasm. This gene encodes precursor form of salilysin containing 348 amino acid residues (Pro-salilysin) consisting of 55 amino acids pro-sequence and following mature proteinase. Pro-sequence was cleaved three times to form intermediate 1, intermediate 2 and final mature salilysin. The processing rate was greatly accelerated in a salt concentration-dependent manner. Purified inactive mutant Pro-E167A-salilysin was correctly processed by purified mature salilysin, indicating that autolysis and inter-molecular processing occurred in its maturation processes. Proteolytic activity of mature salilysin against both peptide and protein substrates was also enhanced along with the addition of higher concentration of salt, 0-3.2 M NaCl, consistent with its halophilic origin. Mature salilysin was stabilized by ~8 °C in the presence of 1 M NaCl by thermal scanning using circular dichroism. One of the precursor form, intermediate 1, showed ~20 °C higher denaturation temperature than mature form, suggesting rigid and stable structure of this precursor form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Tanaka
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamasaki
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Matsujiro Ishibashi
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, a Division of KBI Biopharma, 6042 Cornerstone Court West, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Masao Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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Goulet DL, Fraaz U, Zulich CJ, Pilkington TJ, Siemann S. Specificity-directed design of a FRET-quenched heptapeptide for assaying thermolysin-like proteases. Anal Biochem 2020; 604:113826. [PMID: 32622975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermolysin (TL) is an industrially important zinc endopeptidase, and the prototype of the M4 family of metallopeptidases. The catalytic function of TL and its relatives is typically assessed using chromogenic or more sensitive fluorescent peptides, with the latter substrates relying on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Here, we demonstrate that a FRET-quenched heptapeptide designed on the basis of the enzyme's substrate specificity (Dabcyl-FKFLGKE-EDANS) is efficiently cleaved by TL and dispase (a TL-like protease) in between the Phe3 and Leu4 residues. The specificity constants (determined at pH 7.4 and 25 °C) for TL and dispase (3.6 × 106 M-1 s-1 and 4.6 × 106 M-1 s-1, respectively) were found to be amongst the highest documented for any TL substrate. Maximal peptide cleavage rates were achieved at pH 6.5 and a temperature of 65 °C. In view of the sensitivity of the assay, concentrations as low as 10 pM TL could be detected. Furthermore, the rate of hydrolysis of Dabcyl-FKFLGKE-EDANS was slow or immeasurable with some other unrelated metallo-, serine- and cysteine proteases, suggesting that the peptide has the potential to serve as a selective substrate for TL and TL-like proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica L Goulet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Usama Fraaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly J Zulich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyson J Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Siemann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
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Loganathan G, Venugopal S, Balamurugan AN. Trisected pancreas model for testing tissue dissociation enzyme combinations: a novel methodology for improving human islet yield for clinical islet transplantation. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:381-9. [PMID: 32550189 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Human islet isolation requires a defined collagenase-protease enzyme combination for obtaining a successful islet yield. While different islet laboratories use different enzyme combinations, a systematic methodology to identify optimal enzyme combinations and their concentrations within a single donor pancreas has not been tested. In this study, we designed a trisected pancreas model to test efficacy of three clinical grade enzyme blends (VitaCyte, Roche, SERVA) within a single pancreas. Methods Islet isolations were performed using brain-dead donor pancreases (n = 15) applying the enzyme-related design of experiments (DOEs) and the trisected model approach. After trimming, split each pancreas into three individual lobes (head, body, tail). As per the DOEs, the lobes were altered between different experiments, to minimize anatomical bias. Islets isolated from each lobe (27 lobes totally) were subjected to functional assessments. Insulin staining and islet area fraction were determined for tissue sections obtained from each lobe. Results Utilizing the trisected model, we identified that the collagenase dose from three different vendors did not affect the pancreas digestion and islet yield, but islet morphology after isolation with the neutral protease and BP-protease was better than thermolysin. In addition, the head lobe yielded a lower islet mass and higher tissue volume compared to other two lobes, irrespective of enzyme combination used. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the trisected model is a promising methodology in assessing donor and isolation associated parameters. Based on this study, we conclude that the donor characteristics and an optimal enzyme dose play a critical role in achieving higher islet yields.
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Loganathan G, Balamurugan AN, Venugopal S. Human pancreatic tissue dissociation enzymes for islet isolation: Advances and clinical perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:159-166. [PMID: 32088647 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Successful clinical human allo or auto-islet transplantation requires the recovery of a sufficient number of functional islets from either brain-dead or chronic pancreatitis pancreases respectively. METHODS In the last two decades (2000-2019), significant progress has been made in improving the human islet isolation procedures and in standardizing the use of different tissue dissociation enzyme (TDE; a mixture of collagenase and protease enzymes) blends to recover higher islet yields. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This review presents information focusing on properties and role of TDE blends during the islet isolation process, particularly emphasizing on the current developments, associated challenges and future perspectives within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Loganathan
- Clinical Islet Cell Laboratory, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Appakalai N Balamurugan
- Clinical Islet Cell Laboratory, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Subhashree Venugopal
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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11
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Si Ahmed Zennia S, Mati A, Charron C, Cakir-Kiefer C, Kriznik A, Girardet JM. Effect of nonenzymatic deamidation on the structure stability of Camelus dromedarius α-lactalbumin. Food Chem 2019; 291:207-213. [PMID: 31006460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Camelid α-lactalbumin is the only known protein that can undergo nonenzymatic deamidation on two Asn residues. This leads to the generation of a mixture of unusual isoAsp and d-Asp residues that may impact health. The effect of deamidation on camel α-lactalbumin instability was investigated. Circular dichroism showed that the altered protein acquired secondary structure resulting in an increase in α-helix content. In good agreement, the 3D structure of camel α-lactalbumin determined by X-ray crystallography, displayed a short additional α-helix probably induced by deamidation, compared to the human and bovine counterparts. This α-helix was located in the C-terminal region and included residues 101-106. Differential scanning calorimetry together with the susceptibility to thermolysin showed that the deamidation process reinforced the structural stability of the α-lactalbumin at high temperature and its resistance toward proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Si Ahmed Zennia
- Université Mouloud Mammeri, Laboratoire de Recherche de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies (LABAB), Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Abderrahmane Mati
- Université Mouloud Mammeri, Laboratoire de Recherche de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologies (LABAB), Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Christophe Charron
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), UMR 7365, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Céline Cakir-Kiefer
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), USC 340, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Alexandre Kriznik
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), UMR 7365, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Jean-Michel Girardet
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), USC 340, Nancy F-54000, France.
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Fujita T, Shiota K, Yoshikawa J, Ogawa S, Aoyagi H. Simple method for analyzing the purity of protease-containing samples by acid-treatment SDS-PAGE. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:630-635. [PMID: 31196790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is a widely used technique to analyze the purity of a protein. However, it is necessary to denature (via boiling) the samples before subjecting them to electrophoresis. In the case of protease-containing samples, autolysis of the protease can occur, affecting the accuracy of results. In this study, we investigated the methods for analyzing the purity of Dispase I, a thermolysin-like neutral protease. When we analyzed D protease, a neutral metalloprotease component of Dispase I and highly purified Dispase I using the conventional SDS-PAGE method, a large number of bands were detected in both cases. These bands (putative D protease fragments) were assumed to result from autolysis. To inactivate D protease (optimal pH 7-8), 0.05 M sulfuric acid was utilized (pH 0.7-2.5). Using a conventional sample preparation solution, acid-treated Dispase I samples (without boiling) were made, and SDS-PAGE (15% w/v gel) was carried out. Our findings show that autolysis was inhibited under strong acidic conditions, and protein denaturation was achieved by treatment with sulfuric acid and SDS without boiling. Using this modified SDS-PAGE method, the purities of Dispase I and the purified enzyme were determined to be approximately 80% and 98%, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this method can be applied for the analysis of other samples including non-acidic proteases (e.g., thermolysin, subtilisin, and trypsin) and protease-contaminated samples (a mixed solution of albumin and D protease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fujita
- Enzymes and Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, Godo Shusei Co., Ltd., 250 Nakahara, Kamihongo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-0064, Japan; Division of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kazuma Shiota
- Enzymes and Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, Godo Shusei Co., Ltd., 250 Nakahara, Kamihongo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-0064, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshikawa
- Enzymes and Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, Godo Shusei Co., Ltd., 250 Nakahara, Kamihongo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-0064, Japan
| | - Shun Ogawa
- Enzymes and Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratory, Godo Shusei Co., Ltd., 250 Nakahara, Kamihongo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-0064, Japan
| | - Hideki Aoyagi
- Division of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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13
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Choe J, Seol KH, Kim HJ, Hwang JT, Lee M, Jo C. Isolation and identification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from thermolysin-injected beef M. longissimus. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2018; 32:430-436. [PMID: 30145878 PMCID: PMC6409468 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study identified angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides in beef M. longissimus injected with thermolysin (80 ppm) and stored for 3 days at 5°C. Methods Crude peptides (molecular weight <3 kDa) were obtained from the thermolysin hydrolysate and separated into seven fractions. Fraction V showing the highest ACE inhibitory activity was further fractionated, yielding subfractions V-15, V-m1, and V-m2, and selected for superior ACE inhibitory activity. Finally, twelve peptides were identified from the three peak fractions and the ACE inhibitory activity (IC50) of each peptide was evaluated. Results The Leu-Ser-Trp, Phe-Gly-Tyr, and Tyr-Arg-Gln peptides exhibited the strongest ACE inhibitory activity (IC50 values of 0.89, 2.69, and 3.09 mM, respectively) and had higher concentrations (6.63, 10.60, and 29.91 pg/g; p<0.05) relative to the other peptides tested. Conclusion These results suggest that the thermolysin injection process is beneficial to the generation of bioactive peptides with strong ACE inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhui Choe
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kuk-Hwan Seol
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | | | - Mooha Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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14
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Chura-Chambi RM, Fraga TR, da Silva LB, Yamamoto BB, Isaac L, Barbosa AS, Morganti L. Leptospira interrogans thermolysin refolded at high pressure and alkaline pH displays proteolytic activity against complement C3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 19:e00266. [PMID: 29992100 PMCID: PMC6036645 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes from the thermolysin family are crucial factors in the pathogenesis of several diseases caused by bacteria and are potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Thermolysin encoded by the gene LIC13322 of the causative agent of leptospirosis, Leptospira interrogans, was shown to cleave proteins from the Complement System. However, the production of this recombinant protein using traditional refolding processes with high levels of denaturing reagents for thermolysin inclusion bodies (TL-IBs) solubilization results in poor recovery and low proteolytic activity probably due to improper refolding of the protein. Based on the assumption that leptospiral proteases play a crucial role during infection, the aim of this work was to obtain a functional recombinant thermolysin for future studies on the role of these metalloproteases on leptospiral infection. The association of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and alkaline pH was utilized for thermolysin refolding. Incubation of a suspension of TL-IBs at HHP and a pH of 11.0 is non-denaturing but effective for thermolysin solubilization. Soluble protein does not reaggregate by dialysis to pH 8.0. A volumetric yield of 46 mg thermolysin/L of bacterial culture and a yield of near 100% in relation to the total thermolysin present in TL-IBs were obtained. SEC-purified thermolysin suffers fragmentation, likely due to autoproteolysis and presents proteolytic activity against complement C3 α-chain, possibly by a generation of a C3b-like molecule. The proteolytic activity of thermolysin against C3 was time and dose-dependent. The experience gained in this study shall help to establish efficient HHP-based processes for refolding of bioactive proteins from IBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rodrigues Fraga
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Imunologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Bezerra da Silva
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bernardi Yamamoto
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Isaac
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Imunologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Silva Barbosa
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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15
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Zhang Z, Hao H, Tang Z, Zou Z, Zhang K, Xie Z, Babe L, Goedegebuur F, Gu X. Identification and Characterization of a New Alkaline Thermolysin-Like Protease, BtsTLP1, from Bacillus thuringiensis Serovar Sichuansis Strain MC28. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 25:1281-90. [PMID: 25824434 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1501.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Thermolysin and its homologs are a group of metalloproteases that have been widely used in both therapeutic and biotechnological applications. We here report the identification and characterization of a novel thermolysin-like protease, BtsTLP1, from insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis serovar Sichuansis strain MC28. BtsTLP1 is extracellularly produced in Bacillus subtilis, and the active protein was purified via successive chromatographic steps. The mature form of BtsTLP1 has a molecule mass of 35.6 kDa as determined by mass spectrometry analyses. The biochemical characterization indicates that BtsTLP1 has an apparent Km value of 1.57 mg/ml for azocasein and is active between 20°C and 80°C. Unlike other reported neutral gram-positive thermolysin homologs with optimal pH around 7, BtsTLP1 exhibits an alkaline pH optimum around 10. The activity of BtsTLP1 is strongly inhibited by EDTA and a group of specific divalent ions, with Zn(2+) and Cu(2+) showing particular effects in promoting the enzyme autolysis. Furthermore, our data also indicate that BtsTLP1 has potential in cleaning applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Zhang
- China Research Center, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Shanghai 200335, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Helong Hao
- China Research Center, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Shanghai 200335, P.R. China
| | - Zhongmei Tang
- China Research Center, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Shanghai 200335, P.R. China
| | - Zhengzheng Zou
- China Research Center, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Shanghai 200335, P.R. China
| | - Keya Zhang
- China Research Center, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Shanghai 200335, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- China Research Center, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Shanghai 200335, P.R. China
| | - Lilia Babe
- Danisco US Inc., Genencor Division, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Genencor International B.V., DuPont Industrial Bioscience, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xiaogang Gu
- China Research Center, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Shanghai 200335, P.R. China
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16
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Zheng Y, Xie J, Huang X, Dong J, Park MS, Chan WK. Binding studies using Pichia pastoris expressed human aryl hydrocarbon receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 122:72-81. [PMID: 26923060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a transcription factor which activates gene transcription by binding to its corresponding enhancer as the heterodimer, which is consisted of AHR and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT). Human AHR can be rather difficult to study, when compared among the AHR of other species, since it is relatively unstable and less sensitive to some ligands in vitro. Overexpression of human AHR has been limited to the baculovirus expression, which is costly and tedious due to the need of repetitive baculovirus production. Here we explored whether we could generate abundant amounts of human AHR and ARNT in a better overexpression system for functional study. We observed that human AHR and ARNT can be expressed in Pichia pastoris with yields that are comparable to the baculovirus system only if their cDNAs are optimized for Pichia expression. Fusion with a c-myc tag at their C-termini seems to increase the expression yield. These Pichia expressed proteins can effectively heterodimerize and form the ternary AHR/ARNT/enhancer complex in the presence of β-naphthoflavone or kynurenine. Limited proteolysis using thermolysin can be used to study the heterodimerization of these human AHR and ARNT proteins.
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Differential scanning calorimetry is a powerful method that provides a complete thermodynamic characterization of the stability of a protein as a function of temperature. There are, however, circumstances that preclude a complete analysis of DSC data. The most common ones are irreversible denaturation transitions or transitions that take place at temperatures that are beyond the temperature limit of the instrument. Even for a protein that undergoes reversible thermal denaturation, the extrapolation of the thermodynamic data to lower temperatures, usually 25°C, may become unreliable due to difficulties in the determination of ΔCp. METHODS The combination of differential scanning calorimetry and isothermal chemical denaturation allows reliable thermodynamic analysis of protein stability under less than ideal conditions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This paper demonstrates how DSC can be used in combination with chemical denaturation to address three different scenarios: 1) estimation of an accurate ΔCp value for a reversible denaturation using as a test system the envelope HIV-1 glycoprotein gp120; 2) determination of the Gibbs energy of stability in the region in which thermal denaturation is irreversible using HEW lysozyme at different pH values; and, 3) determination of Gibbs energy of stability for a thermostable protein, thermolysin.
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Jeevithan E, Bao B, Zhang J, Hong S, Wu W. Purification, characterization and antioxidant properties of low molecular weight collagenous polypeptide (37 kDa) prepared from whale shark cartilage (Rhincodon typus). J Food Sci Technol 2015; 52:6312-22. [PMID: 26396376 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A low molecular weight type-II collagenous polypeptide (CIIp) from whale shark (WS) cartilage was prepared by thermolysin digestion; and examined for their physico-functional and antioxidant properties. The purified collagen was composed of an identical (α1)3 chains and was characterized as type-II. After hydrolysis with thermolysin, the α-chain of the WS collagen was degraded into smaller peptides with molecular weight ranging from 70 to 20KDa. CIIp was successfully separated from the hydrolysates with molecular weight of approximately 37 kDa. Amino acid analysis of CII, and CIIp indicated imino acid contents of 155 and 121 amino acid residues per 1000 residues, respectively. Differing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of CII and CIIp were observed, which suggested that the hydrolysis process by thermolysin affected the secondary structure and molecular order of collagen, particularly the triple-helical structure. The denaturation temperature of CII (34 °C) was higher than that of CIIp. Low content of glycoprotein was observed in CII than CIIp due to removal of some polypeptides by thermolysin digestion. The antioxidant activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and the reducing power of CIIp was greater than that of CII. The results proposed that the purified CIIp from WS cartilage with excellent antioxidant activities could be the suitable biomaterial for therapeutic applications.
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Adekoya OA, Sjøli S, Wuxiuer Y, Bilto I, Marques SM, Santos MA, Nuti E, Cercignani G, Rossello A, Winberg JO, Sylte I. Inhibition of pseudolysin and thermolysin by hydroxamate-based MMP inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:340-8. [PMID: 25462250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the inhibition of thermolysin and pseudolysin by a series of compounds previously identified as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors using experimental binding studies and theoretical calculations. The experimental studies showed that some of the compounds were able to inhibit thermolysin and pseudolysin in the low μM range. The studies revealed that, in general, the compounds bound in the order MMPs > pseudolysin > thermolysin, and the strongest pseudolysin and thermolysin binders were compounds 8-12. Furthermore, compounds 8 and 9 were unique in that they bound much stronger to the two bacterial enzymes than to the MMPs. The docking calculations suggested that the phenyl group of the strongest binders (compounds 8 and 9) occupy the S2(')-subpocket, while a second ring system occupy the S1-subpocket in both thermolysin and pseudolysin. When the compounds possess two ring systems, the largest and most electron rich ring system seems to occupy the S1-subpocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayiwola A Adekoya
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Stian Sjøli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yimingjiang Wuxiuer
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Irina Bilto
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sérgio M Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cercignani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jan-Olof Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebrigt Sylte
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Je JY, Cho YS, Gong M, Udenigwe CC. Dipeptide Phe-Cys derived from in silico thermolysin-hydrolysed RuBisCO large subunit suppresses oxidative stress in cultured human hepatocytes. Food Chem 2014; 171:287-91. [PMID: 25308671 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A dipeptide (Phe-Cys) was predicted to be bioactive following bioinformatics analysis of the large subunit of plant and microalgae ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO), which was hydrolysed in silico with thermolysin. The peptide was synthesised and found to possess in vitro reducing potential and inhibitory activity against lipid peroxidation, comparable to the activity of glutathione. In cultured Chang human hepatocytes, 2.5-10 μM Phe-Cys was found to induce the suppression of reactive oxygen species formation and membrane lipid peroxidation in oxidative stressed cells. Intracellular glutathione levels were found to increase in the peptide-treated cells under normal condition, which can potentially contribute in protecting the cells from oxidative damage. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that the levels of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase-1, increased in the hepatic cells when treated with Phe-Cys in the presence of the oxidant. The results show that this peptide has great potential to be used against oxidative stress-induced health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Je
- Department of Marine-Bio Convergence Science, Specialized Graduate School of Science & Technology Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan 608 737, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sook Cho
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550 749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gong
- Health and Bioproducts Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Chibuike C Udenigwe
- Health and Bioproducts Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada.
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21
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Ke Q, Chen A, Minoda M, Yoshida H. Safety evaluation of a thermolysin enzyme produced from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:541-8. [PMID: 23831195 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thermolysin is a zinc metalloprotease that has potential uses in the food industry. The safety of thermolysin has not been demonstrated before, and therefore a series of standard toxicological tests to assess its potential toxicity was undertaken. The thermolysin used in this study was derived from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus, which had undergone chemical mutagenesis to generate strains with increased thermolysin production. Acute toxicity studies in rats and mice showed that thermolysin powder is not acutely toxic with an oral LD₅₀ of more than 18,000 mg/kg (2520 mg/kg thermolysin protein) in rats and more than 24,000 mg/kg (3360 mg/kg protein) in mice. Subchronic feeding studies in rats for 91 days at doses up to 1000 mg/kg (390 mg/kg protein) revealed no significant differences between treated and non-treated groups and a No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) of 1000 mg/kg (390 mg/kg protein) per day was established. Results from genotoxicity tests such as in vitro chromosomal aberration assay and in vivo mouse micronucleus were negative. Allergenicity sequence analysis revealed no evidence suggesting that thermolysin is an allergen. The data presented in this study support the conclusion that thermolysin is safe for use in food production.
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